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1.
Christopher W. Tindale 《Argumentation》2011,25(3):341-353
This paper discusses the ways in which a person’s character (ethos) and a hearer’s emotional response (pathos) are part of the complex judgments made about experts’ claims, along with an actual assessment of those claims (logos). The analysis is rooted in the work of Aristotle, but expands to consider work on emotion and cognition conducted by Thagard
and Gigerenzer. It also draws on some conclusions of the general epistemology of testimony (of which expert testimony is a
special subset), where it is argued that we learn not just from the transmission of another’s beliefs, but from the words
they speak. This shifts the onus in testimony away from the intentions of a speaker onto the judgments of an audience, capturing
better its social character and reflecting our experience of receiving testimony. I conclude, however, that accepting the
arguments of experts involves much more than simply believing what they say. 相似文献
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3.
Thirty-eight college students watched a short, edited version of Milgram’s documentary film, Obedience. They were then randomly assigned to one of two responseconditions: A Choice condition, in which they chose one of six explanations
for the compliance of a subject depicted in the film, or a Likelihood condition, where they used a Likert-type scale to indicate
the likelihood that each explanation elicited the subject’s compliance. The six explanations were based on French and Raven’s
(1959) constructs regarding the bases of social power. We found that expert and legitimate power were judged as the most likely
explanations in both conditions, replicating the findings of an earlier study that had used a different response format, i.e.
rankordering the explanations, and thereby verifying the generality and robustness of the phenomenon. 相似文献
4.
Thirty-eight college students watched a short, edited version of Milgram’s documentary film, Obedience. They were then randomly assigned to one of two responseconditions: A Choice condition, in which they chose one of six explanations
for the compliance of a subject depicted in the film, or a Likelihood condition, where they used a Likert-type scale to indicate
the likelihood that each explanation elicited the subject’s compliance. The six explanations were based on French and Raven’s
(1959) constructs regarding the bases of social power. We found that expert and legitimate power were judged as the most likely
explanations in both conditions, replicating the findings of an earlier study that had used a different response format, i.e.
rankordering the explanations, and thereby verifying the generality and robustness of the phenomenon. 相似文献
5.
Ruth Gaunt 《Sex roles》2006,55(7-8):523-533
This study draws on Bem’s conceptualization (The lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on sexual inequality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993) of biological essentialism to explore fathers’ and mothers’ involvement in child care. The relationships between parental
essentialist perceptions, gender ideology, fathers’ role attitudes, and various forms of involvement in child care were examined.
Two hundred and nine couples with 6–36-month-old children completed extensive questionnaires. Analyses revealed that fathers’
essentialist perceptions predicted involvement in child care tasks and hours of care by the mother, whereas mothers’ essentialist
perceptions predicted hours of care by the father. Parents’ attitudes toward the father’s role predicted involvement in child
care tasks. Parents’ attitudes and perceptions contributed to involvement in child care even after the effects of the parents’
employment were controlled. The importance of examining various aspects of parents’ views, and distinguishing different forms
of involvement in child care is discussed. 相似文献
6.
Marsico G 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2011,45(2):185-193
The inherent open-ended nature of socio-cultural phenomena makes it necessary to create new theoretical frameworks that enable
us to understand the fluidity of the relations between different parts of the dynamic system. Recent advance in modern biology
seems to provide a set of heuristic concepts useful to investigate the complexity and fluidity of the relationship between
different contexts. One of these is the Rayner’s logic of natural inclusionality. According whit Rayner’s evolutionary standpoint any living system is constantly in dialogue with its natural neighbourhood on the basis of an interdependent and co-evolutive process involved both the context and the
organism. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the model proposed by Rayner in light of contextual perspective in development
and educational psychology arguing as the space in between is neither a cuttable and divisible presence into discrete things, nor a mere “nothing” that could be cut off our conceptualization.
Rather, it’s a ground (for a figure) in which flow and counter-flow in a fluid interplay amidst a distinct bounded context
takes place.The interest for the boundary conditions calls for focusing on what happened on the border. By adopting a simultaneous
perspective from two standpoints we are able to constantly focus on both aspects—what happens inside and outside different
social settings—we became aware that the “walls” of the context of our living are much more permeable than has been until
now theorized by psychological research. 相似文献
7.
谢文郁 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2009,4(2):264-281
There were two prevailing sentiments in Europe after the Reformation: One opposing papal authority and one advocating individual
freedom. This paper analyzes these two sentiments and finds that the concept of conscience is crucial in understanding them.
The issue of conscience is about judging truth and good, and in initiating the Reformation, Martin Luther heavily appealed
to his conscience while countering Catholic attacks. With the wide dispersal of the Reformation, Luther’s notion of conscience
was well received among his supporters throughout Europe. Descartes later transformed Luther’s conscience into an epistemological
being (the cogito), and argued that its existence was the only valid thing that survived his thorough skepticism — and as such is the foundation
of human knowledge. Rousseau continued this line of thinking, which we call subjectivism, and re-employed the term conscience
as a replacement for cogito, holding that conscience is the final authority in judging good and bad; that, as the starting point of human existence,
it cannot be withheld from any human being; and that it therefore constitutes an inalienable human right. This paper argues
that the Enlightenment was a subjectivist movement propelled by this conscience-cogito-conscience conceptualization, and that it sought to enlighten this inalienable conscience.
__________
Translated from Qiushi xuekan 求是学刊 (Seeking Truth), 2008, (1): 47–54 相似文献
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9.
Svenaeus F 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2003,24(5):407-431
The relevance of the Aristotelian concept ofphronesis – practical wisdom – for medicine and medical ethics has been much debated during the last two decades. This paper attempts
to show how Aristotle’s practical philosophy was of central importance toHans-Georg Gadamer and to the development of his
philosophical hermeneutics, and how,accordingly, the concept of phronesiswill be central to a Gadamerian hermeneutics of medicine. If medical practice is conceived of as an interpretative meeting
between doctor and patient with the aim of restoring the health of the latter, then phronesis is the mark of the good physician, who through interpretation comes to know the best thing todo for this particular patient
at this particular time. The potential fruitfulness of this hermeneutical appropriation of phronesis for the field of medical ethics is also discussed. The concept can be (and has been) used in critiques of the conceptualization
of bioethics as the application of principle-based theory to clinical situations, since Aristotle’s point is exactly that
problems of praxis cannot be approached in this way. It can also point theway for alternative forms of medical ethics, such as virtue ethics
or a phenomenological andhermeneutical ethics. The latter alternative would have to address the phenomena of healthand the
good life as issues for medical practice. It would also have to map out in detail the terrain of the medical meeting and the
acts of interpretation through which phronesis is exercised.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
Although word co-occurrences within a document have been demonstrated to be semantically useful, word interactions over a
local range have been largely neglected by psychologists due to practical challenges. Shannon’s (Bell Systems Technical Journal, 27, 379–423, 623–665, 1948) conceptualization of information theory suggests that these interactions should be useful for understanding communication.
Computational advances make an examination of local word–word interactions possible for a large text corpus. We used Brants
and Franz’s (2006) dataset to generate conditional probabilities for 62,474 word pairs and entropy calculations for 9,917 words in Nelson,
McEvoy, and Schreiber’s (Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 402–407, 2004) free association norms. Semantic associativity correlated moderately with the probabilities and was stronger when the two
words were not adjacent. The number of semantic associates for a word and the entropy of a word were also correlated. Finally,
language entropy decreases from 11 bits for single words to 6 bits per word for four-word sequences. The probabilities and
entropies discussed here are included in the supplemental materials for the article. 相似文献
11.
Gregg Andrew Hurwitz 《Sexuality & culture》2002,6(3):3-73
This essay applies a Freudian psychoanalytic and Jungian archetypal narrative analysis to Shakespeare’s first and oft-criticized
romance. The author argues that key structural and thematic elements ofPericles are best illuminated when viewed through a psychological interpretative lens, and that the play is best comprehended when
examined in the context of its associative, rather than linear, richness. Masculinity and femininity, central themes of the
narrative, are explored both in relation to the Oedipal complex and psychological individuation.Pericles also provides an excellent basis to examine key differences between Freud’s and Jung’s approach, particularly Jung’s widening
of the primarily sexual psychoanalytic approach to encompass broader archetypal meaning. 相似文献
12.
To gain insight into human nature philosophers often discuss the inferior performance that results from deficits such as blindsight
or amnesia. Less often do they look at superior abilities. A notable exception is Herbert Dreyfus who has developed a theory
of expertise according to which expert action generally proceeds automatically and unreflectively. We address one of Dreyfus’s
primary examples of expertise: chess. At first glance, chess would seem an obvious counterexample to Dreyfus’s view since,
clearly, chess experts are engaged in deep strategic thought. However, Dreyfus’s argument is subtle. He accepts that analysis
and deliberation play a role in chess, yet he thinks that all such thought is predicated on intuitive, arational expert perception,
and action. We argue that even the so-called “intuitive” aspect of chess is rational through and through. 相似文献
13.
Kenneth A. Wallston Barbara Strudler Wallston Shelton Smith Carolyn J. Dobbins 《Current Psychology》1987,6(1):5-25
Perceived control (PC) is defined as thebelief that one can determine one’s own internal states and behavior, influence one’s environment, and/or bring about desired outcomes.
Two important dimensions of PC are delineated: (1) whether the object of control is located in the past or the future and
(2) whether the object of control is over outcome, behavior, or process. A variety of constructs and measures of PC (e.g.,
efficacy, attribution, and locus of control) are discussed in relation to these dimensions and selected studies are reviewed.
The issues, controversies, and limits of the research on perceived control and health are addressed in terms of the antecedents
and consequences of perceived control. Investigations should clearly conceptualize the object of perceived control, use measures
that match the conceptualization, and when attempting to manipulate control, directly measure perceived control. The relation
between PC and health outcomes is complex, and different aspects of PC may interact to affect health outcomes. 相似文献
14.
Lobb EA Butow PN Moore A Barratt A Tucker K Gaff C Kirk J Dudding T Butt D 《Journal of genetic counseling》2006,15(5):393-405
The literature on risk perception in women from high-risk breast cancer families reveals persistent over-estimation of risk, even after counseling. In this study, a communication aid was designed to facilitate discussion of risk between clinical geneticists and genetic counselors and women from this high-risk population. Method: Stage 1. The aid was developed by an expert panel of clinical geneticists, genetic counselors, psychologists, an epidemiologist, an oncologist, linguists and a consumer. It was guided by the international literature on risk communication and a large multi-centre Australian study of risk communication. The 13 page full-color communication aid used varying formats of words, numbers, graphs and pie-charts to address (a) the woman’s subjective risk; (b) the population risk of breast cancer; c) the risk of inherited breast cancer; (d) the cumulative risk for women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations; (e) family risk factors; (f) the woman’s suitability for genetic testing; (h) screening and management recommendations, and (i) a re-assessment of the woman’s subjective risk. Stage 2: A before–after pilot study of 38 women who were unaffected with breast cancer and were attending four Australian familial cancer clinics was undertaken. Baseline and follow-up questionnaires were completed by 27 women. Outcomes were compared to those observed in 107 similar women undergoing genetic counseling without the communication aid in 2001. Results: The risk communication aid appears to be beneficial; breast cancer genetics knowledge improved in some areas and importantly, risk perceptions improved in the cohort receiving the communication aid. Psychological measures showed no difference in anxiety or depression between the group receiving the communication aid and the comparison cohort. Women and clinicians were very positive about the usefulness of the communication aid as an adjunct to the genetic counseling consultation. 相似文献
15.
Jean H. M. Wagemans 《Argumentation》2011,25(3):329-339
In this contribution, I will develop a comprehensive tool for the reconstruction and evaluation of argumentation from expert
opinion. This is done by analyzing and then combining two dialectical accounts of this type of argumentation. Walton’s account
of the ‘appeal to expert opinion’ provides a number of useful, but fairly unsystematic suggestions for critical questions
pertaining to argumentation from expert opinion. The pragma-dialectical account of ‘argumentation from authority’ offers a
clear and systematic, but fairly general framework for the reconstruction and evaluation of this type of argumentation. The
tool is developed by incorporating Walton’s critical questions into a pragma-dialectical framework. 相似文献
16.
The influence of children’s age, and parents’ and children’s gender on parents’ attributions and emotional and behavioral
responses to their children’s successful and unsuccessful social and academic outcomes, was investigated. Seventy-six dual-parent
families (mothers and fathers) of fifth (n=28), eighth (n=23), and eleventh grade (n=25) children participated. The results of this study suggest that from fifth grade on, at least, the ways parents explain
the causes of and respond to their children’s social behavior and academic outcomes involves a complex interaction of children’s
age, children’s gender, parents’ gender, domain, and outcome. Results are discussed in terms of children’s socialization.
This paper is based in part on a master’s thesis at Clark University by the first author. An earlier version of this paper
was presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Providence, RI, April 1994. The authors would
like to thank the parents, teachers, and school administrators of Holden and Auburn, Massachusetts, who participated in this
project. We would also like to thank Kristen Rotis and Leslie Edwards for their tireless help in revising and preparing the
questionnaires, and for entering data for this project. 相似文献
17.
Radtke HB Sebold CD Allison C Haidle JL Schneider G 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(4):387-407
The objective of this document is to provide recommendations for the genetic counseling of patients and families undergoing
evaluation for neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) or who have received a diagnosis of NF1. These recommendations are the opinions
of a multi-center working group of genetic counselors with expertise in the care of individuals with NF1. These recommendations
are based on the committee’s clinical experiences, a review of pertinent English language medical articles, and reports of
expert committees. These recommendations are not intended to dictate an exclusive course of management, nor does the use of
such recommendations guarantee a particular outcome. These recommendations do not displace a health care provider’s professional
judgment based on the clinical circumstances of an individual patient.
Both Heather B. Radtke and Courtney D. Sebold contributed equally to this document. 相似文献
18.
Erich’s Fromm’s (1946, 1955, 1976) controversial critique of modern capitalism and its effects on psychic life is in many ways more relevant now than ever. By combining social, political, economic, and psychological determinants, Fromm’s theories provide mental health clinicians with a wider and more effective conceptualization of psychopathology than does the current medical model. While some of Erich Fromm’s basic assumptions are challenged in this paper, such as his view of human nature and the extent to which western society requires radical reorganization, Fromm’s work is seen as a useful catalyst for shifting the mental health field’s current paradigm of psychopathology to a more holistic and ecological perspective. Similarities between Fromm’s ideas and the therapeutic community model of G. DeLeon (2000) are noted, and a relevant individual case study is discussed. 相似文献
19.
This study compares attachment trauma and psychological adjustment of child survivors of an earthquake and social violence
in Gujarat (n = 127). In particular it explores attachment style/s associated with the two disaster traumas and tries to explicate, what
these tell us about the particular vagaries of trauma. Results show larger number of insecurely attached children in the disaster
trauma sample and the dismissing attachment style dominates particularly in the earthquake sample whereas in the riots sample
one can see a presence of what can be termed as a ‘mixed attachment’ style-vacillation between dismissing and preoccupied
states of mind. The implications of these findings for a conceptualization of attachment trauma are discussed in details. 相似文献
20.
Bas C. van Fraassen 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2011,40(1):15-32
Thomason (1979/2010)’s argument against competence psychologism in semantics envisages a representation of a subject’s competence as follows:
he understands his own language in the sense that he can identify the semantic content of each of its sentences, which requires
that the relation between expression and content be recursive. Then if the scientist constructs a theory that is meant to
represent the body of the subject’s beliefs, construed as assent to the content of the pertinent sentences, and that theory
satisfies certain ‘natural assumptions’, then it implies that the subject is inconsistent if the beliefs include arithmetic.
I challenge the result by insisting that the motivation for Thomason’s principle (ii), via Moore’s Paradox, leads to a more
complex representation, in which stating the facts and expressing one’s beliefs are treated differently. Certain logical connections
among expressions of assent, and between expression and statement, are a matter of consequence on pain of pragmatic incoherence, not consequence on pain of classical logical inconsistency. But while this salvages the possibility that a modification of the above sort of representation could be adequate, Thomason’s
devastating conclusion returns if the scientist identifies himself as the subject of that representation, even when paying
heed to the requirement of pragmatic coherence of the sort highlighted by Moore’s Paradox. 相似文献