论班图拉观察学习理论的特征及其历史地位

该文从以下三个方面分析了班图拉观察学习理论的特征：（１）强化与认知的结合,（２）行为主义的建构论,（３）交互决定论。作者认为,班图拉对心理学的杰出贡献是他发掘了观察学习这一前人所忽视的学习形式,给了观察学习以应有的地位。作者认为,班图拉在其观察学习的研究中,注重社会因素的影响。以认知的术语阐述观察学习的过程与作用,且注重以人为被试的实验,因而对学习心理学的发展产生重要影响。     

班图拉观察学习理论的历史意义与现实意义

在学习论的传统上,心理学家偏重于经典条件反射和操作条件反射的研究,班图拉对心理学的杰出贡献恰恰在于他发掘了前人所忽视的学习形式——观察学习,给了观察学习以应有的重视。美国心理学家劳尔(Lowe,C.T.)说:“在所有类型的学习中,观察学习始终为心理学家所忽视,只有班图拉给它以严肃认真的考虑……”     

论班图拉观察学习理论的历史意义

在学习论的传统上,心理学家偏重于经典条件反射和操作条件反射的研究。班图拉对心理学的杰出贡献恰恰在于他发掘了前人所忽视的学习形式一一观察学习,给了观察学习以应有的重视。美国心理学家劳尔(Lowe,C.T.)曾经说过:“在所有类型的学习中,观察学习始终为心理学家所忽视,只有班图拉给它以严肃认真的考虑……”     

班图拉的观察学习述评

班图拉(Albert, Bandura,1925——)是社会学习理论的创始者。这种理论依据行为、认知和其它的内部因素三者的相互作用以及环境的影响来解释心理机能。近十几年,社会学习理论从创立到发展,对心理学的影响颇为广泛,越来越受到人们的关注。班图拉生于加拿大的艾尔伯特省,在一个小城镇长大。他曾在哥伦比亚大学肄业,     

现代认知心理学对态度研究的影响述评

社会学家托马斯认为“社会心理学就是研究态度的科学”,到目前为止,态度仍然是社会心理学研究的重要领域,据统计,近几年关于态度的研究论文每年均超过１０００篇。这与认知心理学的兴起有密切关系,本文以态度为例,浅谈现代认知心理学对它的影响。１态度的认知编码认知心理学家已经提出了多种不同的认知编码类型,如命题单元（ｐｒ０００ｓｉｔｉｏｎａｌｕｎｉｔｓ）｛类似物表征（ａｎａｌｏｇｒｅｎｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｌｏｎｓ）、情节和语义表征（ｅｎｌｓｏｄｌｃａｎｄｓｅｍａｎｔｉｃｒｅｎｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｌｏｎｓ）及产生式系…     

反应手的不同状态对联合任务中观察学习的影响

采用社会学习迁移范式,通过三个实验来揭示联合任务中反应手的不同状态对观察学习的影响。实验1首先考察自然状态下联合Simon任务中观察学习的存在;实验2探讨视野范围之内的反应手状态改变(双手运动能力受限)对观察学习的影响;实验3则进一步探讨视野范围之外的反应手状态改变对观察学习的影响。结果发现,在联合任务中,观察者仅观察行动者的动作及其结果,即可获得与实际练习相类似的学习效果;观察者反应手不同状态改变因导致身体的潜在运动能力受限而影响观察学习的产生,说明个体身体形式的改变会对其认知过程产生影响,上述结果为具身认知理论在动作模仿领域的研究提供了进一步的实证支持。     

学习困难学生的认知因素分析

关于“学习困难”的研究,已成为教育、心理学界十分关注的问题．本文拟从以下几个方面（１）、知识结构对学习的影响;（２）、学习的认知加工水平对学习的影响。（３）、元认知技能对学习的影响,从认知结构的角度,对造成学生学习困难的心理因素进行初步的分析．     

解决物理力学问题的元认知训练研究

１问题的提出元认知（Ｍｅｔａｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎ）是一个人所具有的关于自己思维活动和学习活动的认知和监控。它主要包括元认知知识和元认知监控两种成分。心理学家Ｓｔｅｒｎｂｅｒｇ等人把它看成是智力的核心成分。欧美学者们一致认为,在传授一般认知策略的同时,进行元认知策略的训练能提高学生解决问题的能力、为考察元认知训练对我国物理教学的效果,作者对高一学生进行了解决物理力学问题的元认知训练研究。２方法２．１被试的选择选择高一年级三个班（山西侯马市一中１２７班、１２８班、１２９班）做实验,时间安排在第一学用期…     

"认知革命"与"第二代认知科学"刍议

以计算隐喻为核心假设的传统认知心理学以及联结主义心理学均不能克服离身心智（disembodied mind）的根本缺陷,当代认知心理学正面临着新的范型转换．以具身性和情境性为重要特征的第二代认知科学将日受重视,并促使认知神经科学进入新的发展阶段。作者认为在身心关系上应该坚持生理只是心理的必要条件,而非充分条件的赢场,克服生理还原论的危险;应该重新审视基于二元论的生理机制这种说法;心理学传统中的科学主义和人文主义有可能在第二代认知科学强调认知情境性的基础上达成某种融合;第一代认知科学对意识的研究是不成功的,因为对知觉、注意、记忆、思维等心理过程的研究不能代替意识的研究,同时还应避免以意识内容的研究取代心理学研究的倾向、第二代认知科学中的动力系统理论关于变量（因素）之间的偶合（coupling）关系完全不同于变差分析巾的变量之间的交互作用关系,其动力系统模式可能更有助于破解意识的产生（涌现）之谜,并引发心理学研究的方法论的变革新潮,第二代认知科学的兴起将启发人们对身心关系、生理还原论、意识研究在心理学中的地位、人工智能对心智完全模拟的可能性等重夫问题重新思考。     

“认知科学”与“第二代认知科学”刍议

以计算隐喻为核心假设的传统认知心理学以及联结主义心理学均不能克服离身心智（disembodied mind）的根本缺陷,当代认知心理学正面临着新的范型转换。以具身性和情境性为重要特征的第二代认知科学将日受重视,并促使认知神经科学进入新的发展阶段。作者认为在身心关系上应该坚持生理只是心理的必要条件,而非充分条件的立场,克服生理还原论的危险;应该重新审视基于二元论的生理机制这种说法;心理学传统中的科学主义和人文主义有可能在第二代认知科学强调认知情境性的基础上达成某种融合;第一代认知科学对意识的研究是不成功的,因为对知觉、注意、记忆、思维等心理过程的研究不能代替意识的研究,同时还应避免以意识内容的研究取代心理学研究的倾向。第二代认知科学中的动力系统理论关于变量（因素）之间的偶合（coupling）关系完全不同于变差分析中的变量之间的交互作用关系”,其动力系统模式可能更有助于破解意识的产生（涌现）之谜,并引发心理学研究的方法论的变革新潮。第二代认知科学的兴起将启发人们对身心关系、生理还原论、意识研究在心理学中的地位、人工智能对心智完全模拟的可能性等重大问题重新思考     

Transfer of Reactive Inhibition

A serious challenge to Hull’s (1943) theory of reminiscence and intertrial-interval effects is posed by the current contention that reactive inhibition (I_R) must be task-specific since it does not seem to transfer from one task to another. This notion was examined within the framework of a practice-rest paradigm in which three control groups were given 20 1-min trials on a principal task with intertrial intervals of 0, 5, and 70 sec, respectively, while two experimental groups practiced alternately on the principal task and a secondary task known to produce evidence for I_R. The two secondary tasks varied in their similarities to the principal task. Additional control groups were used to assess the magnitude of habit transfer effects. The total sample consisted of 70 males and 70 females whose modal age was 18 yr. With habit transfer effects controlled, results showed clearly that work effects transferred from the alternate tasks to the main task without regard for differences in similarity. Thus, the task-specificity hypothesis was not supported.     

组织学习研究的争议

组织学习的研究对于当今企业乃至整个社会的可持续性发展都有着重要意义。文章从组织学习的概念、研究、实施和新进展等方面对组织学习的研究进行评论。评论指出,组织学习与学习型组织二者是有很大差别的两个概念,绝不可以混淆;学者和实践者会从不同角度和使用不同方法来探讨组织学习;而组织学习这种组织变革方式与组织的现有政治权力是密切联系在一起的;无论是理论还是实践,都需要建立综合的组织学习机制模型     

企业组织的学习结构

在理论综述的基础上,通过访谈、预试和大规模调查,对企业组织学习结构进行了实证研究。根据访谈和预试,初步确定组织学习问卷的项目。采用探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,对来自全国不同地区43家企业的管理者和员工的调查数据进行了分析。结果表明,我国企业组织学习是一个6因素的结构模型：组织间学习、组织层学习、集体学习、个体学习、利用式学习、开发式学习;组织学习问卷具有一定的信效度。组织学习的作用和影响因素以及这三者之间的复杂作用机制还有待更为深入的研究     

Reflecting talks: a pedagogical model in the learning organization

The aim of the article is to deepen the understanding of how a pedagogical model for reflecting talks can be used in order to make sustainable learning part of the daily work in the learning organization. From an interactive research approach, we have together with a project management group in a European Social Fund project worked with sustainable learning and knowledge development. Empirical data has been collected at the implementation of ten reflecting talks about sustainable equality. The results of the study lead to a strategy for how sustainable learning can become part of the daily work at a workplace. The strategy is constituted by a pedagogical model for reflecting talks, which clearly shows how sustainable learning in an organization can be structured. The core of the pedagogical model for the reflecting talks where both practically applied and theoretically anchored knowledge are important components. The learning process is based on observation, reflection, analysis and discussion of concrete situations/events. The models rests on four basic conditions; pedagogical competence, a delimited problem area, the learning group and timeframes. The model can be used in the daily work at short dialogues or at more penetrating discussions.     

学习支持对基于计算机模拟的发现学习的影响

研究了针对发现活动的意义性的解释性支持 (IS)、针对其系统逻辑性的实验性支持 (ES)以及学习者的推理能力对基于模拟的科学发现学习的影响。设计开发了关于浮力的模拟软件 ,被试为北京十四中初二学生 80名 ,采用 2 (有 /无IS)× 2 (有 /无ES)× 3(推理能力 )的混合实验设计。结果发现 ,推理能力在原理性知识、直觉性理解测验以及学习者所设计实验的质量上有显著的主效应。IS在原理性知识和灵活应用测验上有显著的主效应。ES与推理能力在原理性知识测验上有显著的交互作用 ,ES在学习者所设计实验的质量上有显著的主效应。这一结果说明 ,发现活动的意义性和系统逻辑性对基于模拟的发现学习有重要的制约作用 ,应该针对这两个侧面设计相应的学习支持     

Surface features can deeply affect artificial grammar learning

Three experiments explored the extent to which surface features explain discrimination between grammatical and non-grammatical strings in artificial grammar learning (AGL). Experiment 1 replicated Knowlton and Squire’s (1996) paradigm using either letter strings as in the original study, or an analogous set of color strings to further explore if learning was affected by type of stimuli. Learning arose only with letter strings, but the results were mostly due to the discrimination of non-grammatical strings containing highly salient illegal features. Experiments 2 and 3 tested a new grammar devised to control for those features. Experiment 2 showed reduced grammar learning effects, and again only for letter materials. Experiment 3 explored the effect of additional practice with letter stimuli, and found increased learning only in the spaced practice condition, though additional practice also produced more explicit knowledge. These findings call for further research on the boundary conditions of learning in AGL paradigms.     

Implicit motor sequence learning is not represented purely in response locations

This study employed a novel variant of the serial reaction time task, focused on sequencing one element of movement—direction. During the task a repeated pattern of alternating directions (right–left–right, etc.) was embedded in the stimuli, and there was no series of response locations. Responses were made via two effector systems: single-finger responding (necessitates lateral arm movements between response keys), and four-fingered responding (4 individual fingers on 4 individual keys; requires no lateral arm movement). The sequence of directions was only learned by participants who performed lateral movements during training, indicating that learning was contingent on the particular motor effector used. Participants with low levels of sequence awareness displayed the same pattern of results.     

Cross‐Situational Learning: An Experimental Study of Word‐Learning Mechanisms

Cross‐situational learning is a mechanism for learning the meaning of words across multiple exposures, despite exposure‐by‐exposure uncertainty as to the word's true meaning. We present experimental evidence showing that humans learn words effectively using cross‐situational learning, even at high levels of referential uncertainty. Both overall success rates and the time taken to learn words are affected by the degree of referential uncertainty, with greater referential uncertainty leading to less reliable, slower learning. Words are also learned less successfully and more slowly if they are presented interleaved with occurrences of other words, although this effect is relatively weak. We present additional analyses of participants’ trial‐by‐trial behavior showing that participants make use of various cross‐situational learning strategies, depending on the difficulty of the word‐learning task. When referential uncertainty is low, participants generally apply a rigorous eliminative approach to cross‐situational learning. When referential uncertainty is high, or exposures to different words are interleaved, participants apply a frequentist approximation to this eliminative approach. We further suggest that these two ways of exploiting cross‐situational information reside on a continuum of learning strategies, underpinned by a single simple associative learning mechanism.     

Rapid Learning in a Children's Museum via Analogical Comparison

We tested whether analogical training could help children learn a key principle of elementary engineering—namely, the use of a diagonal brace to stabilize a structure. The context for this learning was a construction activity at the Chicago Children's Museum, in which children and their families build a model skyscraper together. The results indicate that even a single brief analogical comparison can confer insight. The results also reveal conditions that support analogical learning.     

Thirty years of research on online learning

This paper presents a personal account of developments in research on online learning over the past 30 years. Research on how to design online instruction represents an example of applying the science of learning to education. It contributes to the science of learning (as exemplified by developments in cognitive load theory, the cognitive theory of multimedia learning, and incorporating metacognitive, motivational, and affective aspects of learning), the science of instruction (as exemplified by the continuing development of research‐based principles of instructional design), and the science of assessment (as exemplified by supplementing self‐report surveys and retention tests with multilevel transfer tests, log file data during learning, and cognitive neuroscience measures of cognitive processing during learning). Some recurring themes are that learning is caused by instructional methods rather than instructional media, so research should focus on features that are uniquely afforded by digital learning environments; instructional practice should be grounded in rigorous and systematic research, including value‐added experiments aimed at pinpointing the active ingredients in online instruction; research in online learning should identify boundary conditions under which instructional techniques are most effective; and research in online learning should test and contribute to learning theory.