组合范畴语法研究述评

范畴语法是一种面向自然语言信息处理的逻辑理论,是便于计算机处理的逻辑语法。它产生于20世纪30-40年代,50年代后逐渐走向成熟。[1]纯范畴语法是所有形式主义范畴语法的共同起点,它是巴-希勒尔(Bar-Hillel)对爱裘凯维茨(Ajdukiewicz)的句法演算进行方向性修改的产物,一般被称为AB-演算。[2]AB-演算仅有两条函项应用规则,导致其推演能力太弱,斯蒂德曼(Steedman)在     

类型逻辑语法的词汇主义思想

类型逻辑语法(Type Logical Grammar)是经典范畴语法(Basic Categorial Grammar)的一个现代版本,是范畴语法与类型逻辑语义学联姻的产物。利用加贝(D.Gabbay)[1]给出的加标演绎表述,类型逻辑语法实现了句法生成和语义组合的并行推演,句法生成基于Lambek演算提供的范畴运算,而语义组     

普遍道德语法述评

普遍道德语法是当前在西方道德心理研究领域出现的一种新的研究框架.它将道德与语言类比,试图用类似于研究语言的概念和模式来描述道德知识的本质与起源,解答人类道德判断的心理机制问题.由于道德与语言不完全相似,普遍道德语法存在不可忽视的缺陷,但仍提供了从不同角度研究道德能力的有效观点.     

语法性别对认知的影响及其机制

语法性是许多语言中普遍存在的现象。它本质上属于句法属性,但是一定程度上关联着语义,而且会影响个体对物体的分类、知觉、认知加工,以及对二语的学习等认知活动,其对认知的影响程度受任务、语言、语法性透明度等因素调节。语法性影响认知的机制主要有概念水平上的相似性假设;生物性假设;词汇水平上的双选择模型。未来的研究要进一步探究语法性的认知机制、二语学习中语法性习得的认知过程、语法性不同形式性别差异影响的机制。     

语法的进化连续性及进化起源解释

语法是人类交流系统有别于其他动物的关键特征之一。行为比较研究表明, 除人类外的其他灵长目动物也能理解并掌握抽象的顺序排序规则; 神经生物学比较研究表明, 支持排序处理的神经机制来自人类与其他灵长目动物共同具有的脑区。因此语法所依赖的序列学习能力在人类与其他灵长目动物间具有进化连续性。词汇限制假说、事件感知假说与自我驯化假说分别从不同角度对人类语法的进化起源进行了解释。未来研究需要探讨人工语法任务中所发现的脑神经机制是否是层级结构加工的通用处理器, 并进一步澄清语义加工与语法加工的关系。     

感知、性质与关系——对维特根斯坦心理学哲学中“内在关系”概念的辨析

本文的研究属于维特根斯坦后期心理学哲学的范畴,将主要探讨其中"内在关系"这个概念的含义。全文的讨论将从维特根斯坦关于"面相观看"的评论开始,结合对一些外国学者相关研究的批判,进而澄清"内在关系"这一独特概念的含义,最终试图得出如下结论:后期的维特根斯坦是从语法角度来谈论"内在关系"的;它严格来说并不是一种真正的"关系",但可以为我们处理很多与心灵有关的哲学问题提供有益的视角。     

选择性注意在人工语法学习中的作用——回应Eitam，Schul和Hassin(2009)中的两点疑问

从语法规则复杂性（复杂语法vs.简单语法）的角度考察选择性注意在人工语法学习中的必要性,并且比较两种非法序列下的成绩差异来检验被选择忽视的语法规则是否能被习得却未能在测验阶段体现出来。结果表明纵使降低被选择注意的语法的复杂性,被忽视的语法也未被成功习得,只有被选择注意的语法才能被习得;两种非法序列下的正确率无显著差异,即非法序列b所遵循的被忽略的语法未能在分类判断中起作用。选择性注意是语法规则被习得的关键。     

认知越灵活，句子理解越快?

采用威斯康星卡片分类测验、语法–语义灵活性任务和语义肯定性任务,以47名大学生为研究对象,考察一般认知灵活性、语法–语义灵活性与句子理解的关系。控制性别作用后,回归分析结果显示：（1）一般认知灵活性只显著预测一般肯定句理解速度,语法–语义灵活性显著预测一般肯定、一般否定、肯定反问、否定反问、双重否定和三重否定句理解速度;（2）语法–语义灵活性比一般认知灵活性对一般肯定句理解速度的预测作用更大;（3）语法–语义灵活性对肯定反问句比对否定反问句理解速度的预测作用更大。这表明语法–语义灵活性比一般认知灵活性对句子理解速度的贡献更大,且认知灵活性对不同句式句子理解速度的影响不同。     

基于英文法律语言的Lambek演算

本文的主要研究对象是服务于英文法律语言处理的类型逻辑与范畴语法。首先,分析并总结英文法律语言主要的句法特征,由此提出刻画这些特征的类型逻辑与对应的范畴语法。同时,证明了本文所关注的类型逻辑是可判定的且其对应的范畴语法是上下文无关的。本文研究结果为英文法律语言自动处理提供了理论基础。     

从儿童语法习得过程看对外汉语语法教学

与印欧语言相比,汉语缺乏形态变化,主要依靠词序和功能词来表达句子中各个成分间的关系。此外,它在句法上还有一些特殊句式,例如“把”字句、“被”字句、连动句等等。这些独具特色的语法规则对于以汉语为母语的人来说,往往习焉不察,它们并不妨碍习得母语语法规则。然而,汉语这些特有语法规则对于把汉语作为第二语言的学习者来说就不是那么容易了。当汉语作为第二语言时,怎样教学语法?这是对外汉语语法教学工作者特别感兴趣的。本文从汉语儿童习得语法的过程来探讨汉语作为第二语言语法教学问题。     

Formal models of language learning

Research is reviewed that addresses itself to human language learning by developing precise, mechanistic models that are capable in principle of acquiring languages on the basis of exposure to linguistic data. Such research includes theorems on language learnability from mathematical linguistics, computer models of language acquisition from cognitive simulation and artificial intelligence, and models of transformational grammar acquisition from theoretical linguistics. It is argued that such research bears strongly on major issues in developmental psycholinguistics, in particular, nativism and empiricism, the role of semantics and pragmatics in language learning, cognitive development, and the importance of the simplified speech addressed to children.     

Algebraization, Parametrized Local Deduction Theorem and Interpolation for Substructural Logics over FL

Substructural logics have received a lot of attention in recent years from the communities of both logic and algebra. We discuss the algebraization of substructural logics over the full Lambek calculus and their connections to residuated lattices, and establish a weak form of the deduction theorem that is known as parametrized local deduction theorem. Finally, we study certain interpolation properties and explain how they imply the amalgamation property for certain varieties of residuated lattices. Dedicated to the memory of Willem Johannes Blok     

The simpler syntax hypothesis

What roles do syntax and semantics have in the grammar of a language? What are the consequences of these roles for syntactic structure, and why does it matter? We sketch the Simpler Syntax Hypothesis, which holds that much of the explanatory role attributed to syntax in contemporary linguistics is properly the responsibility of semantics. This rebalancing permits broader coverage of empirical linguistic phenomena and promises a tighter integration of linguistic theory into the cognitive scientific enterprise. We suggest that the general perspective of the Simpler Syntax Hypothesis is well suited to approaching language processing and language evolution, and to computational applications that draw upon linguistic insights.     

Infinitary Action Logic: Complexity, Models and Grammars

Action logic of Pratt [21] can be presented as Full Lambek Calculus FL [14, 17] enriched with Kleene star *; it is equivalent to the equational theory of residuated Kleene algebras (lattices). Some results on axiom systems, complexity and models of this logic were obtained in [4, 3, 18]. Here we prove a stronger form of *-elimination for the logic of *-continuous action lattices and the –completeness of the equational theories of action lattices of subsets of a finite monoid and action lattices of binary relations on a finite universe. We also discuss possible applications in linguistics. Presented by Jacek Malinowski     

Précis of Foundations of language: brain, meaning, grammar, evolution

The goal of this study is to reintegrate the theory of generative grammar into the cognitive sciences. Generative grammar was right to focus on the child's acquisition of language as its central problem, leading to the hypothesis of an innate Universal Grammar. However, generative grammar was mistaken in assuming that the syntactic component is the sole course of combinatoriality, and that everything else is "interpretive." The proper approach is a parallel architecture, in which phonology, syntax, and semantics are autonomous generative systems linked by interface components. The parallel architecture leads to an integration within linguistics, and to a far better integration with the rest of cognitive neuroscience. It fits naturally into the larger architecture of the mind/brain and permits a properly mentalistic theory of semantics. It results in a view of linguistic performance in which the rules of grammar are directly involved in processing. Finally, it leads to a natural account of the incremental evolution of the language capacity.     

Sequent-systems and groupoid models. I

The purpose of this paper is to connect the proof theory and the model theory of a family of propositional logics weaker than Heyting's. This family includes systems analogous to the Lambek calculus of syntactic categories, systems of relevant logic, systems related toBCK algebras, and, finally, Johansson's and Heyting's logic. First, sequent-systems are given for these logics, and cut-elimination results are proved. In these sequent-systems the rules for the logical operations are never changed: all changes are made in the structural rules. Next, Hubert-style formulations are given for these logics, and algebraic completeness results are demonstrated with respect to residuated lattice-ordered groupoids. Finally, model structures related to relevant model structures (of Urquhart, Fine, Routley, Meyer, and Maksimova) are given for our logics. These model structures are based on groupoids parallel to the sequent-systems. This paper lays the ground for a kind of correspondence theory for axioms of logics with implication weaker than Heyting's, a correspondence theory analogous to the correspondence theory for modal axioms of normal modal logics.The first part of the paper, which follows, contains the first two sections, which deal with sequent-systems and Hubert-formulations. The second part, due to appear in the next issue of this journal, will contain the third section, which deals with groupoid models.     

Sequent-systems and groupoid models. II

The purpose of this paper is to connect the proof theory and the model theory of a family of prepositional logics weaker than Heyting's. This family includes systems analogous to the Lambek calculus of syntactic categories, systems of relevant logic, systems related to BCK algebras, and, finally, Johansson's and Heyting's logic. First, sequent-systems are given for these logics, and cut-elimination results are proved. In these sequent-systems the rules for the logical operations are never changed: all changes are made in the structural rules. Next, Hilbert-style formulations are given for these logics, and algebraic completeness results are demonstrated with respect to residuated lattice-ordered groupoids. Finally, model structures related to relevant model structures (of Urquhart, Fine, Routley, Meyer, and Maksimova) are given for our logics. These model structures are based on groupoids parallel to the sequent-systems. This paper lays the ground for a kind of correspondence theory for axioms of logics with implication weaker than Heyting's, a correspondence theory analogous to the correspondence theory for modal axioms of normal modal logics.Below is the sequel to the first part of the paper, which appeared in the previous issue of this journal (vol. 47 (1988), pp. 353–386). The first part contained sections on sequent-systems and Hilbert-formulations, and here is the third section on groupoid models. This second part is meant to be read in conjunction with the first part.     

Between Square and Hexagon in Oresme's Livre du Ciel et du Monde

In logic, Aristotelian diagrams are almost always assumed to be closed under negation, and are thus highly symmetric in nature. In linguistics, by contrast, these diagrams are used to study lexicalization, which is notoriously not closed under negation, thus yielding more asymmetric diagrams. This paper studies the interplay between logical symmetry and linguistic asymmetry in Aristotelian diagrams. I discuss two major symmetric Aristotelian diagrams, viz. the square and the hexagon of opposition, and show how linguistic considerations yield various asymmetric versions of these diagrams. I then discuss a pentagon of opposition, which occupies an uneasy position between the square and the hexagon. Although this pentagon belongs neither to the symmetric realm of logic nor to the asymmetric realm of linguistics, it occurs several times in the literature. The oldest known occurrence can be found in the cosmological work of the 14th-century author Nicole Oresme.     

Quantitative Standards for Absolute Linguistic Universals

Absolute linguistic universals are often justified by cross‐linguistic analysis: If all observed languages exhibit a property, the property is taken to be a likely universal, perhaps specified in the cognitive or linguistic systems of language learners and users. In many cases, these patterns are then taken to motivate linguistic theory. Here, we show that cross‐linguistic analysis will very rarely be able to statistically justify absolute, inviolable patterns in language. We formalize two statistical methods—frequentist and Bayesian—and show that in both it is possible to find strict linguistic universals, but that the numbers of independent languages necessary to do so is generally unachievable. This suggests that methods other than typological statistics are necessary to establish absolute properties of human language, and thus that many of the purported universals in linguistics have not received sufficient empirical justification.