Integration,unintegration, disintegration: an introduction

This introduction to the two papers that follow by Anne Alvarez and Edna O'Shaughnessy is a revised version of the introduction to the ACP Study Day in February 2005 on ‘Integration, Unintegration, Disintegration’, at which Alvarez and O'Shaughnessy had presented and which the author had chaired. The background to the debate is given in terms of how the ACP Study Day itself came about, and the central theme is highlighted in terms of the question of whether unintegration is conceived of as a normal stage of development or only a temporary state of mind in response to catastrophic anxieties. Brief clinical material from a case supervised by the author is discussed in order to elaborate this central question.     

O'NEILL'S JOURNEY

This paper considers some of the processes through which Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953) dramatically shaped his inner life and through which he created his plays. These processes at their finest are evident in his composition of Long Day's Journey into Night (1941a). During its 21‐month composition, the play went through three different versions, as evidenced by the playwright's handwritten and typed materials (O'Neill, unpublished, a, b, c, d). This paper posits that each version reflects O'Neill's changing state of mind as he began to master his instinctual life, developing increasingly rich characters and creating a painful, deeply tragic vision. Thus, this paper shows that O'Neill's great artistic achievement reflected a great psychological one.     

On Experiencing Meanings

Do we perceptually experience meanings? For example, when we hear an utterance of a sentence like ‘Bertrand is British’ do we hear its meaning in the sense of being auditorily aware of it? Several philosophers like Tim Bayne and Susanna Siegel have suggested that we do (Bayne 2009: 390, Siegel 2006: 490‐491, 2011: 99‐100). They argue roughly as follows: 1) experiencing speech/writing in a language you are incompetent in is phenomenally different from experiencing speech/writing you are competent in; 2) this contrast is best explained by the fact that we experience meanings in the latter case, but not the former. In contrast, in an important recent discussion Casey O'Callaghan has argued that we do not (O'Callaghan 2011). He responds to the above contrast argument by claiming that this phenomenal contrast is instead best explained by the fact that we hear language‐specific phonological properties in the latter case, but not in the former. In this paper I argue that O'Callaghan's response to the popular contrast argument is too limited in scope, provide a more general response, and present a new case against experiencing meanings.     

Finding Oneself Among the Saints: Thomas F. O'Dea,Mormon Intellectuals,and the Future of Mormon Orthodoxy

Thomas F. O'Dea's classic The Mormons identified “Mormonism's encounter with modern secular thought” as perhaps the church's greatest problem. In line with secularization theory, O'Dea predicted an attenuation of traditional Mormonism, and an adaptation and gradual liberalization of Mormon theology as the literal interpretation of Mormon origins “dissolved” in the solvent of modernity. O'Dea's views on the crisis facing Mormonism were based, in part, on ethnographic field work in Salt Lake City in the summer of 1950, as interpreted by a modernist Catholic sociologist. A review of his field notes suggests that key informants who “hosted” much of O'Dea's research activity were liberal Mormon academics who defined the church's traditional theology as a problem. This viewpoint agreed with O'Dea's preconceptions about the “education and apostasy” dilemma. A comparison of O'Dea's published “reading” of his field notes with the notes themselves suggests the plausibility of alternative readings. One such alternative is offered here, an interpretation of the interplay of education, Mormon theology, and Mormon intellectualism drawn from O'Dea's field notes, but with a different emphasis from that of his essay. Finally, reverting to a modernist perspective, I offer some hints from survey research suggesting that the predicted liberalization of Mormon theology has yet to occur.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: The Person and the Human Mind, Christopher Gill (ed.) The Element of Fire: Science, Art and the Human World, by Anthony O'Hears     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Seiichi Yagi, Shukyo to wa Nanika (What Is Religion?) Margaret O'Gara, The Ecumenical Gift Exchange Seraphim Sigrist, Theology of Wonder     

Reviews

Malory Nye (ed), Culture and Religion: An International, Interdisciplinary Journal John L. Esposito and Michael Watson (eds), Religion and Global Order George D. Chryssides, Exploring New Religions Roger Jackson and John Makransky (eds), Buddhist Theology: Critical Reflections by Contemporary Buddhist Scholars Yvonne Chireau and Nathaniel Deutsch (eds), Black Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism Mohammad Abu‐Hamdiyyah, The Qur'an: an Introduction Reuven Firestone, Jihad: the Origin of Holy War in Islam David Brown, Tradition and Imagination: Revelation and Change Peter J. Thuesen, In Disconcordance with the Scriptures: American Protestant Battles over Translating the Bible Edward Adams, Constructing the World: A Study in Paul's Cosmological Language Andrew McGowan, Ascetic Eucharists: Food and Drink in Early Christian Ritual Meals Hilarion Alfeyev, St. Symeon the New Theologian and Orthodox Tradition Richard A. Muller, The Unaccommodated Calvin: Studies in the Foundation of a Theological Tradition Dwight N. Hopkins, Down, Up, and Over: Slave Religion and Black Theology Sue Morgan, A Passion for Purity: Ellice Hopkins and the Politics of Gender in the Late‐Victorian Church Michael Chandler, The Life and Work of Henry Parry Liddon Anthony O? Mahoney (ed), Palestinian Christians: Religion, Politics and Society in the Holy Land Michael Prior (ed), They Came and They Saw: Western Christian Experiences of the Holy Land Thomas Hummel, Kevork Hintlian and Ulf Carmesund (eds), Patterns of the Past, Prospects for the Future: The Christian Heritage in the Holy Land Gerald O'Collins, The Tripersonal God: Understanding and Interpreting the Trinity Stephen Davis, Daniel Kendall and Gerald O'Collins (eds), The Trinity: An Interdisciplinary Symposium on the Trinity David Fergusson and Marcel Sarot (eds), The Future as God's Gift: Explorations in Christian Eschatology Daniel Harrington, Why Do We Suffer? A Scriptural Approach to the Human Condition Oliver O'Donovan & Jean Lockwood O'Donovan (eds), From Irenaeus to Grotius: A Sourcebook in Christian Political Thought Brian R. Clack, An Introduction to Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Religion Brian R. Clack, Wittgenstein, Frazer and Religion David Torevell, Losing the Sacred: Ritual, Modernity and Liturgical Reform David S. Cunningham, Ralph del Colle and Lucas Lamadrid (eds), Ecumenical Theology in Worship, Doctrine and Life: Essays Presented to Geoffrey Wainright on his Sixtieth Birthday Guatemala: Never Again! REMHI Recovery of Historical Memory Project. The Official Report of the Human Rights Office, Archdiocese of Guatemala Bruce David Forbes and Jeffrey H. Mahan (eds), Religion and Popular Culture in America Susan J. Palmer and Charlotte E. Hardman (eds), Children in New Religions     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books Reviewed in this Article: The Structure of Time. By W.H. Newton-Smith. Towards a Transformation of Philosophy. By Karl-Otto Apel. Actions. By Jennifer Hornsby. The Will: A Dual Aspect Theory. By Brian O'Shaughnessy. 2 vols., Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, 1980, £25 and £27.50. The Problem of Self-Love in St Augustine. By Oliver O'Donovan. Conscience: Development and Self-transcendence. By Walter E. Conn. Psychology and Moral Theology: Lines of Convergence. By B. Kiely. Race, IQ, and Jensen. By James R. Flynn. Intelligence: The Battle for the Mind. H.J. Eysenck versus Leon Kamin. Apologetics and the Eclipse of Mystery: Mystagogy According to Karl Rahner. By J.J. Bacik. Karl Rahner: An Introduction to his Theology. By Karl-Heinz Weiger. A World of Grace: An Introduction to the Themes and Foundations of Karl Rahner's Theology. Edited by L.J. O'Donovan. The Lonergan Enterprise. By Frederick E. Crowe. A Passion for Truth, Hans Küing, a Biography. By Robert Nowell. The Roots of a Radical. By John A.T. Robinson. The Problems of Theology. By B.L. Hebblethwaite. Death. Edited by John Prickett. Thou Shalt not Kill. By Augustine Regan. Killing and Letting Die. Edited by Bonnie Steinbock. Where Do We Stand? An Examination of the Christian's Position in the Modern World. By Harry Blamires. The Secularist Heresy. By Harry Blamires. La Sfida del Femminismo alla Teologia. Edited by Mary Hunt and Rosino Gibellini. Christian Religious Education. By T.H. Groome. The Way to Peace. By L. John Topel. Kirche. Festschrift für Günther Bornkamm zum 75. Geburtstag. Edited by Dieter Lührmann und Georg Strecker. History and Criticism of the Marcan Hypothesis. By Hans-Herbert Stoldt. The Son of Man in the Teaching of Jesus. By A.J.B. Higgins. Le Mirage de ?Eschatologie. By Jean Carmignac. Jesus and the End of the World. By T.F. Glasson. Clio Unbound: Perception of the Social and Cultural Past in Renaissance England. By Arthur B. Ferguson. The Origins of History. By Herbert Butterfield, edited by Adam Watson. The Unholy Crusade. By John Godfrey. Authority and Power. Edited by Brian Tierney and Peter Linehan. The Writing of History in the Middle Ages. Edited by R.H.C. Davis and J.M. Wallace-Hadrill. The Fool of God. By George T. Peck. Luther and Staupitz: An Essay in the Intellectual Origins of the Protestant Reformation. By David C. Steinmetz. The Family of Love. By Alastair Hamilton. The History of Christianity in West Africa. Edited by O.U. Kalu. Religion and Public Doctrine in England. By Maurice Cowling. Vatican Diplomacy: The Jews during the Holocaust. By John F. Morley. Papal Power. By Jean Guy Vaillancourt. Dizionario degli Istituti di Perfezione. Edited by Guerrino Pelliccia (1962–68) and Giancarlo Rocca (1969-). Vol. VI, Monachesimo urbano-Pinzoni. Presence, Power, Praise: Documents on the Charismatic Renewal. Edited by Kilian McDonnell. 3 Vols. Collegeville (Minn.), Liturgical Press, 1980, no price given. Someone, No One: An Essay un Individuality. By Kenelm Burridge. The Formation of Social Policy in the Catholic and Jewish Traditions. Edited by E.J. Fisher and D.F. Polish. Les Revues de Sciences Religieuses. By Otto Lankhorst. The New Oxford Book of Christian Verse. Chosen and edited by Donald Davie. David Jones: The Roman Quarry and Other Sequences. Edited by Harman Grisewood and René Hague. Simone de Beauvoir and the Limits of Commitment. By Anne Whitmarsh. This Year in Jerusalem: Israel in Experience. By Kenneth Cragg.     

Book Reviews

BRUNO BETTELHEIM : The Empty Fortress: Infantile Autism and the Birth of the Self. The Free Press, New York. 1967. $9.95. (£4 in England).

GERALD O'GORMAN: The Nature of Childhood Autism. (Illustrated, 8 plates)

C. M. HEINICKE and I. J. WESTHEIMER: Brief Separations.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article: Joshua Searle-White, The Psychology of Nationalism Stanley A. Renshon and Deborah Welch Larson, Good Judgment in Foreign Policy: Theory and Application Jan-Werner Muller (ed.), Memory and Power in Post-War Europe Elliot Turiel, The Culture of Morality: Social Development, Context, and Conflict Seyla Benhabib, The Claims of Culture: Equality and Diversity in the Global Era John O'Manique, The Origins of Justice: The Evolution of Morality, Human Rights, and Law     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: Maura O'Connor, The Romance of Italy and the English PoliticalImagination Carolyn Marvin and David W. Ingle (eds.), Blood Sacrifice and the Nation: Totem Rituals and the American Flag Lee Clarke, Mission Improbable: Using Fantasy Documents to Tame Disaster Aaron T. Beck, M.D., Prisoners of Hate: The Cognitive Basis of Anger, Hostility and Violence Betty Glad and Eric Shiraev, The Russian Transformation: Political, Sociological, and Psychological Aspects Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (Second Edition) Doris Graber, Briefly Noted     

Reviews

Books reviewed: David Novak, Covenantal Rights: A Study in Jewish Political Theory Jean Bethke Elshtain, Who Are We? Critical Reflections and Hopeful Possibilities Gerhard Lohfink, Does God Need the Church? Toward a Theology of the People of God Gerald O'Collins, The Tripersonal God: Understanding and Interpreting the Trinity Timothy P. Jackson, Love Disconsoled: Meditations on Christian Charity Will Coleman, Tribal Talk: Black Theology, Hermeneutics, and African/American Ways of “Telling the Story” Garrett Green, Theology, Hermeneutics and Imagination: The Crisis of Interpretation at the End of Modernity     

Pedagogy as a Field Guide to the Ecology of the Classroom

Reflecting on the complementary pedagogical models on teaching courses related to religion and the environment presented in this issue of the journal by Kevin O'Brien (“Balancing Critique and Commitment”) and Jennifer Ayres (“Learning on the Ground”), I suggest ways in which these essays form a conversation about teaching. Together, O'Brien and Ayres show how the classroom must acknowledge the materiality and embodied nature of learning, the emotional and intellectual levels of commitment, and the place of critical reflection on our everyday practices and actions. O'Brien and Ayres show the benefits of more fully reflecting on the ecology of the classroom – the relationship between individual members of the educational community, and the educational environment itself – in religious studies and theology.     

Book Reviews

Horst Dietrich Preuss, Old Testament Theology Rolf P. Knierim, The Task of Old Testament Theology: Essays, Substance, Method and Cases Daniel Patte, Ethics of Biblical Interpretation: A Re-evaluation Brian D. Ingraffia, Postmodern Theory and Biblical Theology: Vanquishing God's Shadow John Barclay and John Sweet (Eds), Early Christian Thought in its Jewish Context Stephen T. Davis, Daniel Kendall and Gerald O'Collins (Eds), The Resurrection: An Interdisciplinary Symposium on the Resurrection of Jesus Maureen A. Tilley, Donatist Martyr Stories: The Church in Conflict in Roman North Africa Maureen A. Tilley, The Bible in Christian North Africa: The Donatist World L. G. Patterson, Methodius of Olympus: Divine Sovereignty, Human Freedom and Life in Christ J. H. D. Scourfield, Consoling Heliodorus: A Commentary on Jerome, Letter 60 C. Moreschini and D. A. Sykes (Eds), St Gregory of Nazianzus: Poemata Arcana Peter O'Dwyer, Towards a History of Irish Spirituality Uinseann Ó Maid'n, The Celtic Monk: Rules and Writings of Early Irish Monks DáibhíÓ Cróinín, Early Medieval Ireland 400–1200 Gerhard Ladner, God, Cosmos, Humankind: The World of Early Christian Symbolism Kevin Trainor, Relics, Ritual and Representation in Buddhism: Rematerializing the Sri Lankan Theravãda Tradition Steven F. Ostrow, Art and Spirituality in Counter-Reformation Rome: The Sistine and Pauline Chapels in S. Maria Maggiore David Morgan, Visual Piety: A History and Theory of Popular Religious Images Colleen McDannell, Material Christianity: Religion and Popular Culture in America Sarah Coakley (Ed), Religion and the Body Paul F. Bradshaw and Lawrence A. Hoffman (Eds), Life Cycles in Jewish and Christian Worship Gordon P. Jeanes, The Day Has Come! Easter and Baptism in Zeno of Verona John Macquarrie, A Guide to the Sacraments Megan McKenna, Rites of Justice: The Sacraments and Liturgy as Ethical Imperatives Douglas J. Davies, Death, Ritual and Belief     

REVIEWS

Prophecy and Canon. A contribution to the study of Jewish origins. By J. Blenkin Yahweh as Prosecutor and Judge: An Investigation of the Prophetic Lawsuit (Rib-Pattern). By Kirsten Nielsen Heil für die Heiden. Zur Bedeutung und Geschichte der Tradition vom besessenen Gerasener. By Franz Annen Der Tod Jesu: Deutungen im Neuen Testament. Edited by K. Kertelge The Calvary Christ. By Gerald O'Collins The Evangelists' Calendar: A Lectionary Explanation of the Development of Scripture. By M.D. Goulder Attempt at a Critique of all Revelation. By J.F. Fichte, translated with an introduction by Garrett Green The Correspondence Theory of Truth. By D.J. O'Connor Paradoxes of Knowledge. By E.H. Wolgast New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas. By F.A. Hayek Analysis of Happiness. By Wladyslaw Tatarkiewicz The Unconscious, a Conceptual Analysis. By A.C. Maclntyre The Psychological Basis of Morality. By F.C.T. Moore Moral Reasoning: A Psychological-Philosophical Integration. By William D. Boyce and Larry Cyril Jensen Reason and Religion. Edited by Stuart C. Brown Religion without Explanation. By D.Z. Phillips Hume's Philosophy of Religion. By J.C.A. Gaskin Lactance et son Temps: Recherches Actuelles. Edited by J. Fontaine and M. Perrin The Library of Lactantius. By R.M. Ogilvie The Fourth Crusade. By D.E. Queller Dante's ‘Paradiso’ and the Limitations of Modern Criticism. By Robin Kirkpatrick Calvinist Preaching and Iconoclasm in the Netherlands 1544–1569. By Phyllis Mack Crew Catholicism between Luther and Voltaire: A New View of the Counter-Reformation. By Jean Delumeau Bérulle aujourd'hui: pour une spiritualité del'humanité du Christ. By Fernando Guillén Preckler Catholic Revivalism: The American Experience 1830–1900. By Jay P. Dolan God, Church and Flag. By Donald F. Crosby Tradition and the Modem World: Reformed Theology in the Nineteenth Century. By B.A. Gerrish The Militant Gospel. By Alfredo Fierro Catholic Education: The Unobtrusive Partner. By Michael P. Hornsby-Smith     

Seeing is a verb

This commentary on ‘The interaction of attention and action: From seeing action to acting on perception’ by Humphreys et al. (2010) considers selection‐for‐action in relation to the role of parietal cortex corollary discharge in the ‘mastery of sensori‐motor contingencies’ that O'Regan and Noe (2001) suggest gives rise to visual awareness.     

Multiple Effects of Messages with Multiple Goals Some Perceived Outcomes of Responses to Sexual Harassment

Sexual amassment of employees by organizational superiors is a significant and all too common problem in the workplace. Victims of harassment typically want to achieve a variety of instrumental, relational, and identity management goals. The present study tested the perceived effectiveness of different messages with respect to several of these goals. Messages varied systematically with respect to what O'Keefe (1988) has termed “design logic” and “goal structure.” Participants (N= 577) generally perceived messages reflecting advanced design logics and goal structures as being most effective at projecting desired identities and preserving relationships. However, the effects for goal structure were qualified by interactions with gender and interpersonal cognitive complexity. Significantly, none of the messages were perceived as particularly effective at stopping the Liarasser's offensive conduct. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for both O'Keefe's analysis of messages and the management of sexual harassment in the workplace.     

A TOKEN REINFORCEMENT PROGRAM IN A PUBLIC JUNIOR-HIGH SCHOOL1

In recent years, the technology of contingency management has been shown to be of increasing value in regular classrooms and public-school systems with both groups and individual pupils (Ayllon and Roberts, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1974, 7 , 71–76; Glynn and Thomas, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1974, 7 , 299–306; Lovitt and Curtiss, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1969, 2 , 49–53; Lovitt and Smith, Exceptional Children, 1974, 40 , 357–358; Medland and Stachnik, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1972, 5 , 45–51). In addition, established procedures are being systematically replicated across grade levels and differing subject-matter areas. A series of studies initiated by O'Leary and Becker (Exceptional Children, 1967, 33 , 637–642) form the basis for the present investigation. The token reinforcement program described by O'Leary and Becker (Exceptional Children, 1967, 33 , 637–642) was managed by the teacher of an adjustment class and involved 9-yr-old children described as emotionally disturbed. An elaborate replication of the 1967 O'Leary and Becker study conducted by O'Leary, Becker, Evans, and Saudargas (Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1969, 2 , 3–31) with a grade-two class introduced several variables to examine their separate effects. The authors specified their treatment levels as baseline, classroom rules, educational structure, teacher praise and ignore, token I, withdrawal, token II, and follow-up. The present research modified the general design of O'Leary et al., (Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1969, 2 , 3–31) to study how to maintain treatment effects. In the modification, rules were eliminated as a treatment variable because they are frequently associated with aversive practices in the school system, and it was deemed desirable to have mainly a positive orientation. A second difference was that the present subjects were grade-nine pupils functioning in the regular public-school system. The six students were older (average age = 16.2) and well behind their peers in achievement. They were considered behavior problems and as potential dropouts by teachers and counsellors. They were not considered to be emotionally disturbed. Finally, procedures designed to maintain behavior change generated by the token system were added. The operant level of unacceptable classroom behavior was obtained for six students receiving an individualized program of instruction in mathematics and science in a nonacademic grade-nine class in a public junior secondary school. Initially, two conditions (educational structure and praising appropriate behavior while ignoring inappropriate behavior) were introduced successively. Both procedures reduced inappropriate behavior slightly. When a token system, using backup reinforcers readily available in the school, was introduced in conjunction with the initial two conditions, inappropriate responses declined dramatically in all subjects. Withdrawal of the token program for a three-week period, leaving educational structure and praising and ignoring in effect, increased inappropriate behavior in five of the six subjects. The token program was then re-introduced in conjunction with contingency contracts. The result was a decline of inappropriate behavior below the mean of the first token condition for all subjects. Tokens were thinned and finally removed toward the end of this condition, leaving teacher praise and attention and the contract system in effect. Data obtained during a four-week followup indicated that the low level of inappropriate behavior was maintained in all subjects. This extension of the O'Leary et al., (Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1969, 2 , 3–31) program, designed and implemented by the regular teacher, demonstrates that these procedures may be highly effective within the constraints found in an ordinary classroom in the junior secondary school.     

Clinical Supervision and Professional Development Using Clients from Literature,Popular Fiction,and Entertainment Media

Abstract

The use of clinical supervision is central to mental health work. In this article, the authors propose using practice cases drawn from characters found in literature, popular fiction, biographies, television, and movies as one method for clinical supervision and professional development in the mental health skill areas of client assessment, case conceptualization, diagnosis, and treatment planning. The method is illustrated with clinical formulations pertaining to four practice clients: Scarlett O'Hara; Maya Angelou's Marguerite Johnson; the fairytale character, Hansel; and the Wicked Queen of Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Applications and limitations of the method are discussed.     

Reviews

Ammerman, Nancy, Congregation and Community Centre for the Study of Religion and Society, University of VictoriaWomen in religion: Parts I and II (video) Gilpin, W., Clark, A. A Preface to Theology Kuklik, Bruce and Hart, D. G., eds., Religious Advocacy and American History Marsden, George M., The Outrageous Idea of Christian Scholarship O'Hare, Padraic, The Enduring Covenant: The Education of Christians and the End of Antisemitism Reiser, William, S. J., Ed., Love of Learning: Desire for Justice, Undergraduate Education and the Option for the Poor Roth, John K., ed., Inspiring Teaching: Carnegie Professors of the Year Speak