自我语言提示与两种心理操作的实验研究

选取大学生被试108名,用实验的方式研究了自我语言提示对情绪和记忆意向两种心理操作的影响。实验被试分3组,两个实验组和一个控制组。实验1组被试使用积极的自我语言提示,实验2组使用消极的自我语言提示,控制组使用中性语言提示,结果发现,实验1组和实验2组在情绪和记忆意向方面存在显著差异,三组的总体差异极显著,说明语言提示对被试的两种心理操作有显著的影响效果。     

自传体记忆的情绪对其相关信息内隐提取的影响

本研究主要考察自传体记忆本身的情绪是否影响该记忆相关信息的内隐提取过程。取大学生15人完成实验, 实验分为两部分：记忆提取和词汇判断。首先在记忆提取阶段, 要求被试根据词对(形容词-中性名词)提取积极、消极和中性情绪色彩的自传体记忆事件。接着在词汇判断任务中, 要求被试对包含提取过记忆的中性名词的词语进行词和非词的判断, 并且记录相应的脑电波。结果发现：(1)被试按要求成功提取了积极、消极和中性三类自传体记忆事件。词汇判断任务中, 内隐提取三类自传体记忆信息的反应时和正确率均无显著差异。(2)相比于积极、中性自传体记忆信息, 消极自传体记忆信息提取的过程中的ERP波幅更大, 更偏向于正向。这表明自传体记忆信息的内隐提取受到记忆本身情绪的影响, 消极自传体记忆信息提取需要付出更多资源。     

干预不同个体记忆内容对负性刺激诱发的情绪水平影响*

探讨记忆在情绪发生和调节中的作用,通过干预个体对负性刺激的记忆内容,研究了积极干预、消极干预和不干预三组被试在接受负性刺激后产生的情绪水平差异,以及不同认知方式个体对诱发情绪的不同反应。结果表明,干预类型对负性刺激诱发的消极情绪产生了一定影响:积极干预组和不干预组在消极情绪后测上的得分显著低于消极干预组,积极干预组与不干预组的得分差异不显著。认知方式、性别及干预顺序对诱发情绪的影响不显著。结论:干预记忆内容可影响负性刺激诱发的消极情绪水平,接受积极干预比消极干预产生的消极情绪水平更低,因此对记忆内容的积极干预可有效降低产生的消极情绪水平。     

老年人情绪记忆中的积极效应及其产生机制

有关情绪与记忆的研究发现, 老年人经常表现出积极效应, 即对积极刺激的记忆比对消极刺激的记忆更好。从动机层面来讲, 社会情绪选择理论认为老年人比年轻人更倾向于进行情绪调节。在记忆任务中, 这种情绪调节的动机使得老年人具有表现出积极效应的倾向, 但这种倾向只有在满足一定条件的情况下才能表现出来。情绪调节对记忆的影响可以通过注意选择、加工资源分配、情绪抑制、认知再评价等多种方式进行。未来研究需要进一步细分年龄段考察情绪的各维度如何影响老年人记忆的各个阶段。     

北京学生对日刻板印象及3·11地震后的情绪和援助意向研究

研究采用问卷法探讨了北京市大中小学生对日本人的刻板印象差异、日本3·11地震后情绪与援助意向的不同,以及刻板印象和情绪反应对于其援助意向的影响,结果发现:(1)北京市大中小学生对日本人的总体刻板印象偏消极,但高中生和大学生在能力维度表示了一定程度的肯定;(2)日本3·11地震后,大中小学生整体的情绪反应程度不强;但高中生和大学生较之小学生和初中生表现出更多的悲伤、同情等亲社会情绪,而更少幸灾乐祸情绪;(3)大中小学生在是否对日本进行援助的问题上显得比较保守;(4)对日本人的刻板印象与地震后的情绪反应和援助意向之间存在显著相关;(5)各群体中,亲社会情绪在对日本人的刻板印象和地震后的援助意向之间起部分中介作用;但对地震本身的事件应对情绪并不存在这种中介效应.结论:北京市大中小学生对日本人的刻板印象较为消极,其对3·11地震后援助倾向有显著影响,且这种作用部分是通过亲社会情绪产生的.     

老年人错误记忆的情绪效价和时间效应

基于信号检测论的框架, 考察不同的情绪效价以及时间间隔如何交互影响老年人在图片再认任务中的辨别力(d′)和判断标准(β), 进而影响其错误记忆。以21名老年人(女性14名)为被试, 平均年龄67.17 ± 5.03岁。根据中国老年人对国际情绪图片库(International Affective Picture System, IAPS)中图片评定的情绪参数, 选出积极、消极和中性图片各60张作为学习材料。另选积极、消极和中性图片各30张作为每次再认测验的干扰材料, 并且两次再认测验的干扰材料不同。短时间隔条件让老年人在图片记忆编码半个小时后完成对图片的再认测验; 长时间隔条件则为在三周后完成对图片的再认测验。结果发现: 1)在短时间隔条件下, β和d′共同影响虚报率; 而在长时间隔条件下, 只有β影响虚报率, d′不影响虚报率; 2)无论是在短时还是长时间隔条件下, 积极图片与消极图片的判别力d′都没有显著差别; 3)在短时间隔条件下, 老年人对消极图片的β更低、虚报率更高; 在长时间隔条件下, 老年人对积极图片的β更低、虚报率更高。研究结果表明: 老年人的错误记忆受判别力d′和判断标准β的影响。情绪效价通过作用于老年人的反应倾向(判断标准β)、而非记忆质量(判别力d′)来影响其错误记忆。时间间隔可以调节情绪效价对老年人判断标准β和错误记忆的作用, 使之随时间发生反转。老年人的“积极效应”在错误记忆中可能表现为随着时间的流逝, 老年人更愿意将积极信息报告为经历或学习过的信息。     

语义背景下情绪体验及其与温度知觉的关系

本研究采用实验和问卷相结合的方法探讨了积极和消极的情绪体验对温度知觉的影响以及温度知觉对情绪体验的影响。在实验一中,先让被试感受一杯15℃的白开水的温度,然后让被试阅读具有积极意义或消极意义的文字,最后让被试感受另一杯同样是15℃的白开水的温度,结果发现,阅读积极意义文字的被试比阅读消极意义文字的被试更倾向于高估白开水的温度;在实验二中,要求被试手中握着热水或凉水阅读一段具有中性意义的材料,最后让被试评价这段文字,结果发现,手握热水的被试比手握冷水的被试更倾向于对中性文字做出积极的评判。研究表明,个体的情绪体验会影响其温度知觉,个体的温度知觉也会对情绪体验产生影响。     

语言背后的心理——群体间的语言偏见

不同群体间普遍存在着语言偏见, 表现为人们倾向于使用抽象度较高的词语对内群体成员的积极行为和外群体成员的消极行为进行描述, 而对内群体成员的消极行为、外群体成员的积极行为则使用抽象度较低的词语进行描述。社会认同需要和认知预期倾向是它产生的两大心理机制, 其影响因素包括社交情境、群体和个体等方面, 同时它会对群体刻板印象及语言主体间的社会关系产生重要的影响。后续研究需要进一步探讨语言偏见的其他表现形式、研究方法及本土化研究等问题。     

情绪启动条件下三种反刍思维类型的注意偏向

目的:探讨积极型、消极型和低型反刍思维者对不同情绪刺激的注意偏向。方法:采用积极和消极反刍思维量表区分三种反刍思维类型的大学生,以情绪面孔(高兴,中性,悲伤)图片为实验材料,采用“空间线索任务”实验范式,探讨不同反刍思维类型个体注意偏向特点。结果:无启动条件下,三种类型都未产生注意偏向。积极情绪启动条件下,积极型和低型产生对积极刺激的注意警觉,消极型产生对消极刺激的注意警觉和注意解脱困难。消极启动条件下,三种类型都产生对积极刺激的注意警觉,且积极型的警觉水平高于低型和消极型。结论:积极和消极启动对三种反刍思维类型注意偏向的影响不完全符合情绪一致性效应。     

青少年负性情绪事件性质判断偏向的情绪弹性和性别效应

研究以青少年学生为被试,采用测验和实验的方法考察了情绪弹性和性别变量对青少年在四类负性情绪事件性质的判断偏向上可能产生的影响。结果表明：（1）情绪弹性对青少年加工负性情绪事件信息时的判断偏向产生一定影响,低情绪弹性个体在面对与一般生活情境相关的负性情绪事件时,更倾向于从消极方面对事件的性质加以判断。（2）性别对青少年加工负性情绪事件信息时的判断偏向不产生实质性影响。     

The Role of Interruptions and Contextual Associations in Delayed‐Execute Prospective Memory

We conducted three experiments to examine the dynamics of a delayed‐execute prospective memory task involving task interruptions. In the delayed‐execute paradigm, participants must delay a response until some future condition is met. After an intention was formed to a salient cue, an interruption reduced prospective memory relative to a no‐interruption condition. Prospective memory for cues encountered during an interrupting task was worse than for cues occurring before an interruption, but the location of the cue in either the ongoing task or the interruption did not affect prospective memory. Importantly, reinstating the prevailing context after the interruption alleviated the negative influence of the interruption. Providing participants with information about the future context for making the delayed‐execute response also alleviated some of these deficits presumably because participants could encode more specific features of the performance context. These results highlight the potential importance of contextual associations and reminders in completing everyday intentions successfully. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

执行意向影响事件性前瞻记忆的加工机制

本研究旨在探究不同执行意向编码形式对前瞻记忆加工机制的影响是否存在差异。结果显示在低认知负荷下,混合编码效果最好,仅执行意向编码次之,标准编码效果最差,而在高认知负荷下三种编码效果无差异。眼动指标显示在低认知负荷下混合编码的注视点数量最多,总注视时间最长;在混合编码条件下进行中任务和前瞻记忆任务的总注视时间均长于仅执行意向编码和标准编码。结果说明,执行意向编码容易受认知负荷的影响;在低认知负荷下混合编码的被试对任务刺激进行更多的监控和加工,而仅执行意向编码促进前瞻记忆任务的自动化加工。     

How intention to retrieve a memory and expectation that a memory will come to mind influence the retrieval of autobiographical memories

While involuntary memories are retrieved with no intention and are usually unexpected (when one is not waiting for a memory to arise), voluntary memories are intended and expected (when one is searching and waiting for a memory to arise). The present study aimed to investigate the effects of retrieval intentionality (i.e. wanting to retrieve a memory) and monitoring processes (i.e. waiting for a memory to appear) during autobiographical memory retrieval. In addition, we introduced two novel laboratory conditions that have not been used in previous research on voluntary memories: in the first, participants were asked to report anything they could think of in response to each cue word; in the second, they could skip a word if nothing came to mind. These novel manipulations allowed us to differentiate between voluntary memories retrieved in response to experimenter-generated cues (when participants were forced to provide a memory or a thought for each cue) and self-selected cues (when participants were free to not answer a cue if they found it too difficult). We found that highly accessible memories were mostly experienced when retrieval was involuntary and unexpected, while memories with low accessibility were accessed through intentional retrieval and monitoring processes. Response times for memories recalled in the experimenter-generated cue conditions were longer compared to the self-selected cue conditions. This novel finding shows that experimenter-generated recall favours memories with low accessibility; it further supports the idea that, in a substantial number of trials, voluntary memories are directly rather than effortfully retrieved. The idea that the driving force behind differences between involuntary and voluntary memories is not the intention per se is further discussed.     

A facilitative effect of negative affective valence on working memory

Gotoh, F., Kikuchi, T. &Olofsson, U. (2010). A facilitative effect of negative affective valence on working memory. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51, 185–191. Previous studies have shown that negatively valenced information impaired working memory performance due to an attention‐capturing effect. The present study examined whether negative valence could also facilitate working memory. Affective words (negative, neutral, positive) were used as retro‐cues in a working memory task that required participants to remember colors at different spatial locations on a computer screen. Following the cue, a target detection task was used to either shift attention to a different location or keep attention at the same location as the retro‐cue. Finally, participants were required to discriminate the cued color from a set of distractors. It was found that negative cues yielded shorter response times (RTs) in the attention‐shift condition and longer RTs in the attention‐stay condition, compared with neutral and positive cues. The results suggest that negative affective valence may enhance working memory performance (RTs), provided that attention can be disengaged.     

Neural correlates of the formation and realization of delayed intentions

Prospective memory (PM) can be thought of as the ability to successfully form and later realize intentions that must be delayed over some period of time. In this study, event-related brain potentials were used to explore the neural activity associated with the formation and realization of an intention. Greater negativity over the frontal-polar region was associated with intention formation trials in which the intention was later realized. On PM cue trials, an N300 was associated with the detection of a cue. For PM cue trials, a late positive complex was observed that might have reflected the retrieval of an intention from memory, and a frontal slow wave was observed that might have reflected the activity of a neural system that supported disengagement from the ongoing activity when the cue was detected.     

情绪一致性对有意遗忘的影响

有意遗忘是强调遗忘的有意性和指向性。对负性情绪的有意遗忘有利于个体的身心健康。本研究采用单字范式,实验一以正性、负性和中性情绪词为材料,探讨了情绪材料对有意遗忘的影响。结果发现,三类词语均表现出了显著的有意遗忘效应;实验二在实验一的基础上加入了情绪状态,探讨了情绪状态和情绪材料对有意遗忘的影响,结果发现,在积极情绪状态下,被试更多地遗忘负性情绪词;在消极情绪状态下,被试更多地遗忘中性词。表明个体对情绪信息的有意遗忘既受信息的情绪性影响,又受个体情绪状态的影响。     

Informational mood impact on effort-related cardiovascular response: the diagnostic value of mood counts

Drawing on the mood-behavior model (G. H. E. Gendolla, 2000), 2 experiments examined moods' informational impact on effort-related cardiovascular response. After being induced into positive versus negative moods, participants performed a memory task (Experiment 1) or a letter-cancellation task (Experiment 2). Half the participants received a cue that their mood could have been manipulated. As expected, both studies found stronger reactivity of systolic blood pressure in a negative mood than in a positive mood when no cue was provided. This effect diminished in the cue conditions. Additionally, achievement corresponded to systolic blood pressure reactivity (Experiment 1), the cue manipulation had no effect on mood, and mood had a congruency effect on subjective task difficulty in the no-cue conditions (Experiment 2).     

Expectancies and memory for an emotional film fragment: a placebo study

This study investigated whether positive ("memory-enhancing") and negative ("memory-impairing") placebos may enhance and undermine, respectively, memory of a film fragment. After watching an emotional film fragment, participants were assigned to a "memory-enhancing" placebo group (n = 30), control group (n = 30), or "memory-impairing" placebo group (n = 30). Only participants who believed in the placebo effect were included in the analyses. In the positive placebo group, memory for the film fragment was better than that of participants who received negative placebos or control participants. Participants in the negative placebo group made more distortion errors than participants in the positive placebo or control group. Our findings show that people's expectancies about their memory may affect their memory performance. These results may have implications for both clinical practice and the legal domain.     

Positive memory enhancement training for individuals with major depressive disorder

When in a negative mood state, individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) may have difficulties recalling positive autobiographical memories in a manner that repairs that negative mood. Using cognitive bias modification techniques, investigators have successfully altered different aspects of cognition among individuals with MDD. However, little has been done to investigate the modification of positive autobiographical memory recall. This study examined the impact of a novel positive memory enhancement training (PMET) on the memories and subjective affective experiences of individuals with MDD (N = 27). Across a series of trials, participants first recalled a sad memory to elicit a negative mood state. They then recalled a happy memory and completed procedures to elicit a vivid, here-and-now quality of the memory. PMET procedures were hypothesized to promote mood repair via the recall of increasingly vivid and specific positive memories. PMET participants demonstrated improved memory specificity and greater perceived ability to “relive” positive memories. The procedures also repaired mood; PMET participants’ affect following recall of positive memories did not differ from control participants’ affect following recall of neutral memories. Results provide preliminary support for PMET as a method to improve the quality of positive memories and facilitate emotion regulation in MDD.