股票投资决策中的处置效应:心理机制及调节变量

处置效应是股票投资决策中的典型现象.它是指当投资者面对盈利时急于卖出股票,而当他们面对亏损时长时间持有股票的现象.自发现处置效应以来,研究者就不断探索其心理机制及其调节变量.目前,大量研究者从前景理论、认知失调理论、过度自信理论以及后悔理论等方面探索处置效应的心理机制.文章最后指出了当前在处置效应的研究中仍然存在的问题,并对未来的研究趋势进行了展望.     

Group Size and the Trajectory of Religious Identification

The relative size of religious groups or denominations within societies or nations influences variation in the extent to which group members psychologically identify with their religion. National‐level census data measuring the proportional size of religious groups in New Zealand are merged with nationally representative data on self‐reported psychological identification drawn from the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study. A multilevel random coefficient model shows a logarithmic function for the relationship between religious group size and average group‐level religious identification. Members of smaller religious groups (less than 1.5 percent of the population) tend to strongly identify with their religion, whereas members of groups that are larger in size (over 6 percent of the population) tend to be less identified, on average. Religious group cohesion may be a dynamic process. Larger religious groups are less cohesive and experience more contested identities and ideological positions (average group identification is lower).     

Estimation of Effect Heterogeneity in Rare Events Meta-Analysis

Psychometrika - The paper outlines several approaches for dealing with meta-analyses of count outcome data. These counts are the accumulation of occurred events, and these events might be rare, so...     

Moderators of the relationship between implicit and explicit evaluation

Automatic and controlled modes of evaluation sometimes provide conflicting reports of the quality of social objects. This article presents evidence for 4 moderators of the relationship between automatic (implicit) and controlled (explicit) evaluations. Implicit and explicit preferences were measured for a variety of object pairs using a large sample. The average correlation was r=.36, and 52 of the 57 object pairs showed a significant positive correlation. Results of multilevel modeling analyses suggested that (a) implicit and explicit preferences are related, (b) the relationship varies as a function of the objects assessed, and (c) at least 4 variables moderate the relationship: self-presentation, evaluative strength, dimensionality, and distinctiveness. The variables moderated implicit-explicit correspondence across individuals and accounted for much of the observed variation across content domains. The resulting model of the relationship between automatic and controlled evaluative processes is grounded in personal experience with the targets of evaluation.     

Dispositional and Situational Autonomy as Moderators of Mood and Creativity

Although previous research suggests that mood can influence creativity, the controversy about the effects of positive and negative moods has raged for years. This study investigated how the relationship between induced mood and creativity is moderated by dispositional and situational autonomy. It contrasted the different moderating effects of the 2 kinds of autonomy. In Experiment 1, 93 participants completed a questionnaire about dispositional autonomy and performed a creative task after watching 1 of 3 film clips, which were to induce positive, negative, or neutral moods. The results of experiment 1 indicated that positive moods prompted creativity and negative moods inhibited creativity when individuals were low in dispositional autonomy (low in autonomous orientation or high in impersonal orientation). In Experiment 2, 73 participants engaged in a game to manipulate levels of situational autonomy and induce positive or negative moods. The results of experiment 2 showed that positive moods fostered greater creativity than did negative moods when individuals were in full-autonomy condition. The different moderating effects of dispositional and situational autonomy are discussed.     

Effect Size Strengths in Subjective Well-Being Research

Subjective well-being (SWB) research is characterized by many large samples, which often results in virtually all variables being significantly related to well-being, even if the associations are small. In this article we explore the strengths of associations between various predictors and SWB outcomes. In addition to standard effect-size statistics, we also examined the range of the SWB scale covered in the distribution of the predictor, allowing us to estimate the strength of influence of each variable, independent of variability in the sample. We analyzed just a few variables to illustrate what our approach reveals. Our analyses included a representative sample of both the world and the United States, and our data included three types of SWB (life satisfaction (LS), positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA)). The largest effect sizes emerged for societal characteristics, such as between-nations differences, as well as personal characteristics, such as perceived social support. Small or very small effect sizes were consistently found for demographic characteristics, such as sex, age, and marital status. Other effect sizes varied by the type of SWB being considered. For example, income resulted in a large effect size for LS, but small to medium effect sizes for PA and NA. We suggest that when scholars report and interpret the associations of predictor variables with SWB, they consider the strengths of their significant associations.

     

Prosocial behavior in families: Moderators of resource sharing

Archival studies of within-family prosocial behavior (Judge & Hrdy, 1992; Smith, Kish, & Crawford, 1987) have shown that inheritance patterns support Hamilton’s (1964) theory of inclusive fitness, such that people will more of their estates to relatives of closer genetic relatedness. In a survey-based simulation of these studies, students allocated one of three lotteries to their blood relatives. As expected, participants allocated greater proportions of their lotteries to relatives of greater genetic relatedness. This effect became stronger with decreasing lottery amounts. Relatives of certain relatedness were favored over relatives of uncertain relatedness (via paternal uncertainty), and this effect was stronger among those with less money to allocate. Male participants tended to favor their young female relatives over their young male relatives when given the smallest lottery, but this sex preference reversed when male participants were given the largest lottery. In general, scarcer resources led to more evolutionarily conservative investment strategies.     

Evaluative Conditioning Is a Form of Associative Learning: On the Artifactual Nature of Field and Davey's (1997) Artifactual Account of Evaluative Learning

Field and Davey (1997) claimed that evaluative conditioning (EC), rather than being a genuine type of Pavlovian associative learning, represents nothing but an experimental artifact. They come to this conclusion by first identifying the prototypical experimental procedure of EC research, by next pointing to the potential methodological shortcomings of this prototypical procedure in order to infer associative learning, and by finally demonstrating that when the appropriate controls are added to this prototypical procedure, it becomes clear that apparent EC results represent nothing but an experimental artifact. In this paper, we first demonstrate that what Field and Davey identify as the “prototypical procedure” is, as a matter of fact, the exception rather than the rule in EC research, such that the potential scope of their criticism is rather limited. Next, we show how the results of their own experiment are actually due to an artifact that is not present in any EC study. Finally, we discuss how Field and Davey's criticism of EC research has its roots in a misconception of the appropriate within or between subject controls for Pavlovian associative learning.     

An Empirical Investigation of Partial Effect Sizes in Meta-Analysis of Correlational Data

ABSTRACT. The partial correlation and the semi-partial correlation can be seen as measures of partial effect sizes for the correlational family. Thus, both indices have been used in the meta-analysis literature to represent the relationship between an outcome and a predictor of interest, controlling for the effect of other variables in the model. This article evaluates the accuracy of synthesizing these two indices under different situations. Both partial correlation and the semi-partial correlation appear to behave as expected with respect to bias and root mean squared error (RMSE). However, the partial correlation seems to outperform the semi-partial correlation regarding Type I error of the homogeneity test (Q statistic). Although further investigation is needed to fully understand the impact of meta-analyzing partial effect sizes, the current study demonstrates the accuracy of both indices.     

汉语音-形通达过程的同音字家族数效应和语义透明度效应

采用即时的跨通道匹配任务,研究语音通达字形过程中汉语同音字多少的影响以及语义在其中的作用.在三个lSI点均发现同音字家族数效应和语义透明度效应,同音字家族数效应在各个时间点稳定,而语义透明度效应随时间点的推后变小;还发现同音字家族数、语义透明度和ISl的交互作用.     

效应量：估计、报告和解释

鉴于心理学界对效应量（effect size,ES）的日渐重视,本文集中探讨了标准差异型和关联强度型ES指标的计算公式及使用条件,并说明关联强度型指标在SPSS软件中的操作。其次,强调ES估计结果的两个报告原则,即明确指出所计算的是何种ES指标,尽可能地呈现ES的置信区间。在ES的解释方面,建议研究者结合具体情况综合权衡结果的实际重要性,而非机械援引各种所谓＂小＂、＂中＂、＂大＂的ES判定准则。     

Correcting Overestimated Effect Size Estimates in Multiple Trials

In a simulation study, Brand, Bradley, Best, and Stoica (2011 Brand, A., Bradley, M. T., Best, L. A. and Stoica, G. 2011. Multiple trials may yield exaggerated effect size estimates. The Journal of General Psychology, 138: 1–11. [Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) have shown that Cohen's d is notably overestimated if computed for data aggregated over multiple trials. Although the phenomenon is highly important for studies and meta-analyses of studies structurally similar to the simulated scenario, the authors do not comprehensively address how the problem could be handled. In this comment, we first suggest a corrective term d ^′ _c that includes the number and correlation of trials. Next, the results of a simulation study provide evidence that the proposed d_c′ results in a more precise estimation of trial-level effects. We conclude that, in practice, d ^′ _c together with plausible estimates of inter-trial correlation will produce a more precise effect size range compared to that suggested by Brand and colleagues (2011 Brand, A., Bradley, M. T., Best, L. A. and Stoica, G. 2011. Multiple trials may yield exaggerated effect size estimates. The Journal of General Psychology, 138: 1–11. [Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).     

心理学实验研究的效果大小

从"心理学实验数据处理"的角度,我们可以把"效果大小"理解为"是指在心理学实验报告中反映‘自变量’对‘因变量’所产生的影响有多大的统计指标"。这一统计指标需要在掌握"虚无假设分布"和"备择假设分布"这两个抽样分布原理的基础上才能得以准确的理解,并因此知道我们在"对心理学实验数据处理过程中通过假设检验进行推断统计"之后报告研究结果时为什么需要使用这一指标。心理学实验数据处理过程中使用不同的检验方法具有与该方法相应的不同的效果大小指标,每一种检验方法也可以使用不同的指标来反映其实验处理的效果大小。对此,就"心理统计学"提到的四种主要假设检验方法所得推断结果应该使用何种"效果大小"指标更为合适提出了我们的建议。     

Potential Moderators of Racial Differences in Responses to Traumatic Events

Research regarding the influence of race on outcomes after trauma has been mixed, and we aimed to identify potential moderators of the relation between race and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)–related outcomes. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from 477 participants in the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys. African American individuals reported a shorter duration of and less frequent PTSD symptoms than Caucasian individuals, and also endorsed a greater number of reexperiencing and avoidance symptoms. Education, socioeconomic status, and social support did not significantly moderate relations between age of worst trauma and PTSD-related outcomes. Clinical and research implications are discussed.     

Protective Factors as Moderators of Risk Factors in Adolescence Bullying

The present study examined the role played by protective factors in moderating the effects of risk factors over bullying and victimization in a sample of 679 male adolescents recruited in Italian high schools. Boys’ involvement in bullying revealed that one in three students has bullied others at least sometimes in the previous three months, and one in six has been victimized at the same rate; victimization decreases with age. The family related risk factor (conflicting parents) was positively associated with bullying and with victimization (together with punitive parenting); the same applied for risk factor related to the individual ways of dealing with problems (emotionally oriented coping skills). Protective factors related to the family context (supportive and authoritative parents) and to the individual (problem solving coping skills) were negatively associated to bullying and victimization. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed a moderating effect of supportive parenting on punitive parenting and on emotionally oriented coping strategies in predicting victimization. Problem solving coping strategies helped buffer the negative impact of emotionally oriented coping strategies over bullying. Implications of results for practitioners and for future studies are addressed.     

Moderators and Mediators of the Effects of Interparental Conflict on Children's Adjustment

Moderational and mediational models of the relationships among appraisals, interparental conflict, and children's adjustment were tested in a sample of 174 families with a school-age child. Parents rated children's exposure to interparental conflict and internalizing, externalizing, and total behavior problems. Children completed questionnaires regarding their appraisals of their parents' conflicts, including frequency and intensity, perceived threat, control, and self-blame, as well as measures of anxiety and depression. Results overall demonstrated more consistent support for the moderational than mediational hypotheses. Appraisals of conflict properties, threat, self-blame, and perceived control moderated the effects of interparental conflict on externalizing, total problems, and anxiety in boys. Conflict properties, threat, self-blame, perceived control, and self-calming acted as moderators of internalizing in girls.