论点摘编

道教"真一"思想考李小光在《宗教学研究》2010年第4期中撰文认为,历史地看,道教"真一"思想有三条线索可寻:其一是从葛洪、陶弘景的思想及相关经典中,可知"真一"与当时的"存思"观念有很大的关系。有形有像的"真一"成为"存想"术里最重要的体内神。其二是《升玄内教经》与《本际经》中所言之"真一",作为"真一妙智",成为重玄学的终极修持境界。     

道教科仪与民间信仰的互动——以广成科仪“祭享神吏夫丁”为例

《广成仪制》是现存最完整的道教科仪丛书,《祭享神吏夫丁集》是其中的一册。本文以四川省崇州市天官庙的田野调查为例,结合文献材料,考察分析广成科仪之"祭享神吏夫丁",揭示其道教与民间信仰相结合的色彩。道教会选择一部分符合道教神学理念、贴合当时社会现实状况的民间信仰,对其进行规范和改造,最终纳入正统道教的体系之中。这一做法有助于完善道教的神学体系,也有利于道教和民间信仰的共同发展。     

清洁身心与炼质荡形:道教井宿信仰探析

魏晋南北朝时期道教吸收传统的井宿主司水事的观念,将"月宿东井"日作为沐浴养生的吉日,并结合道教的长生成仙信仰,认为"月宿东井"日还是存服月之黄华、天人共浴的日子,有助于得道升仙。这种观念发展至宋代,逐渐被用于祭炼科仪中。法师在祭炼仪式中通过存想身体内和天空中的井宿图景,将井宿的司职运用于为亡魂沐浴和水炼,从而有为亡魂涤荡形骸和改变亡魂生存状态的功效。从道教对井宿的信仰中可以看出,不论是以"月宿东井"日沐浴养生,还是在祭炼仪式中存思"月宿东井"图景为亡魂沐浴和炼度,无不体现出道教"观天之道,执天之行"的"天人合一"观。     

道法、仪式中的日月星辰及其天学意义初探

道教对于日月星辰的重视,体现在形形色色的道法、仪式之中,其中以存思术、斋醮仪式对日月星辰的运用为普遍。道教通过将星辰的天文本意与教理教义相融通,进而把星辰转换成为其信仰实践的重要支撑。对道教星辰信仰的考察,不仅要指出其星象学意涵,也要解读道教赋予其上的各种象征含义,这是我们理解道教天学思想与道法、仪式互动之关键。     

道教的全真派与正一派

正道教是产生于中国的传统宗教,形成于东汉,是把古代的神仙思想、道家学说、鬼神祭祀以及占卜、符箓、禁咒等巫术综合起来的产物,所谓"道家之术,杂而多端。"道教组织形式最初为民间教团,包括五斗米道、太平道等。北宋以后,道教的流派发展为正一道、全真道、真大道、太一道、净明道等。自明清以来,道教唯存全真、正一两大派,流传至今。     

论碧霞元君信仰扩展与道教、国家祭祀的关系

泰山玉女发展成国家祭祀神灵碧霞元君,经历了"立像"、"建祠"、"赐额"三个阶段,完成了从民间俗神到道教神仙,再到国家神灵的转变,成为国家"准正祀性"神灵,这其中道教的吸纳是极为重要的一环,道教作为中国土生土长的宗教,在宋至清代多被统治者所利用。在国家祭祀政策的大背景下,道教神仙的光环使碧霞元君有了合法外衣的保护,也因此得到国家的最终承认。道教的吸纳和国家的认同是碧霞元君信仰扩展的前提条件,而与海神天妃的相互吸收利用及自身不断显灵则又促使其信仰进一步扩展。     

台湾道教一瞥

进入台湾地区以后,从北部的台北,到南部的高雄,随处可见规模不等、造形各异的寺庙或宫观。其数量之多,香火之盛,实属大陆内地罕见,给人留下极深的印象。可以说,台湾是一个多种宗教并存、民众信仰笃诚的地区。在宗教信仰多元化的格局中,道教作为中国本土生长的宗教,它在该地区的民众生活中发挥着特殊作用。一、道教对台湾民众生活的影响道教属于多神信仰,在其开发的和复杂的神真体系中,不仅包括为数众多的神灵与仙真,而且也包括与民众生活关系密切的民俗神以及著名历史人物。台湾地区的道教神灵信仰主要来源于福建、广东等地的民间信仰,例如,…     

道教“抟颊”仪式考证

道经中常见"抟颊"一词,意义难解。虽有学者做过解释,但结论不能令人信服。抟颊即"用手按摩脸颊"。道教存思法中,常有"叩齿多少过,以手摩面目多少过"的说法,"以手摩面目"即抟颊。抟颊是早期道教的一种礼拜仪式,体现了道教长生久视的思想。"抟颊"常误作"搏颊",以讹传讹,被误认为是涂炭斋中的一种自虐行为。     

湖南江永勾蓝瑶水龙祠壁画的梅山猖兵考释

湖南江永勾蓝瑶与广西恭城山水相连,同为平地瑶族属。勾蓝瑶水龙祠壁画与恭城的"梅山图"都属于瑶族梅山教美术作品。笔者通过比较"梅山图"中猖兵的形象对水龙祠壁画梅山猖兵身份进行了考证。水龙祠壁画的九位梅山猖兵处于非常突出的位置,动作夸张、形象独特,与民间认知的猖兵形象有某些类似但又有不同,这与瑶族梅山教信仰有着必然的渊源关系。在瑶族梅山教信仰中,梅山猖兵已经成为瑶族的民族之神,猖兵统领张五郎亦被称为"梅山",代表瑶族宗教记忆中的"故里"。毋庸置疑,梅山猖兵在瑶族信仰中比其他民族有更深刻的情感,对他们的尊奉寄托着瑶族民众死后魂归梅山故里、成为家神的真切愿望,这也成为他们追求的人生终极宗教信仰目标。     

道与神

"道",在道教的教义教理中居于核心位置,亦为道教的最高信仰.然而道教同时是一种神教,是信仰种种神灵的宗教.那么在道教中,道与神究竟是什么关系呢?本文就这个问题作了一些初步的探讨.认为道家的"道"给人们提供了终极关怀,这是道教崇奉老子为教主的内在根据;指出道教中视道本身为神或者神灵变化的本体,还以分气说阐明道一分多的神道观,并贯穿于修炼思想之中.文分三部份:一、先秦文献中"道"的用例和含义,以及道家的"道"在宗教信仰层面对道教的作用;二、道教信仰层面的"道"及其与神灵观念的关系;三、"道"的普世意义及其现代作用.     

"Psychotherapy" versus "treatment"

Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

"本体论"与"伦理学"--形而上学的两个向度

形而上学有两个密切相关的内在向度,就是本体论向度与伦理学向度.在哲学史上,哲学家们之所以在"追求形而上学"的同时,又总是"反形而上学",并非是人们的形上本性出了问题,而是因为人们总是将形而上学视为单纯的"一维性",总是用一个向度来取代或遮蔽另一个向度.而所谓的"后形而上学思想",也并不是消解了形而上学,而是指形而上学从"本体论向度"转向了"伦理学向度".     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

从"管制"到"平衡"--政府与公众理想关系模式的构建及其制度化

论文从行政民主的角度探讨政府与公众之间的理想关系模式及其制度化构建过程 ,将我国在改革之前的政府与公众模式概括为管制模式。论文指出 ,在制度变迁的过程中 ,这一模式日益受到挑战。而在新的制度环境下 ,我国政府与公众的关系模式应该是平衡模式。这一模式的制度化措施包括培育自主的市民社会 ,赋予公众以独立的活动空间 ;促进行政公开 ,建立一个开放负责的政府 ;推进行政法建设 ,抑制行政恣意     

PREFERRING "HOUSEWIVES" TO "FEMINISTS"

Four studies are described outlining the favorability of attitudes toward women. In Study 1, participants indicated their attitudes toward women and men and their construal of the term "women". The results revealed that women were evaluated more favorably than men, but that male right-wing authoritarians (RWAs) who construed women as referring primarily to feminists were least favorable in their attitudes. In Study 2, participants indicated their attitudes toward both "housewives" and "feminists". The results revealed that feminists were evaluated less favorably than housewives, and that the most negative attitudes toward feminists were expressed by authoritarian men. Study 3 revealed that high-RWA males held more negative symbolic beliefs concerning feminists (i.e., beliefs that feminists failed to promote participants'values) and that these beliefs accounted for variation in attitudes among high RWAs and much of the RWA-attitude relation. Finally, Study 4 revealed that high RWAs perceived greater value dissimilarity between them-selves and feminists. The implications of the findings for future research are discussed.     

"石狮"、"风水"与"吉祥"

谁都知道,在古老的中国,不管是衙门、宫殿、庙宇的门前,还是豪宅、大户人家的门口,人们都能看到摆着一对石狮。据说,这对石狮子在许多中国人的心目中,它不但是一种气派的象征,而且还是一种被人认为是好的“吉祥物”。如今,旧时的衙门没有了,但遗留下来的宫殿、庙宇的门前,其中有些石狮仍有保存。然而,想像不到的是,这号称“吉祥物”的石狮今天却开始“走”进某些党政机关的大门口,它们(石狮)在那里时时都在保护着这些政府要员“平平安安”、“吉祥如意”。这不仅使我联想起一些极端的报道,有些政府官员为升迁,请算命先生定位,用风水术为政府…     

"Us" and "Them":

Abstract: In the Aristotelian tradition, politics is a matter of public deliberation over questions of justice and injustice. The Bush administration's response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, has been uniformly hostile to this notion, and it has instead promoted a jingoistic politics of self‐assertion by an America largely identified with the executive branch of its government. This is doubly disturbing, as the executive branch has sought to free itself from international law, multinational commitments, and domestic judicial regulation, even as it has sought to validate itself by demonizing its enemies. This essay draws out the disturbing echoes here of Carl Schmitt's work of the 1920s, in particular of Schmitt's conception of the sovereign as the ungrounded ground of the law and the political as the site of mortal conflict between friend and enemy. The essay argues that Schmitt's position in the twenties, for all of its evident problems, is superior to that of Bush, Wolfowitz, and Ashcroft in at least two senses: Schmitt condemns the idea of waging war for profit and recognizes that such wars will often be disguised as moral crusades waged against the “inhuman”; and he acknowledges that claiming to fight a war for humanity denies one's enemies their humanity, leaving them open to torture and even extermination.