健康行为改变中的社会认知因素:HAPA模型述评

HAPA是健康行为领域研究的新取向.认为改变健康行为需要两个分离的过程:动机和意志.首先,基于自我信念的基础上形成改变的意图;随意,行为改变才会被计划、引发并维持.HAPA认为,动机阶段引起行为意图,而意志阶段则产生实际行为.以自我效能为代表的社会认知因素在两个阶段起重要作用,对于健康行为的采纳、引发和维持的产生重要的预测作用.     

健康行动过程取向模型的发展与前景

健康行动过程取向(HAPA)模型的提出源于健康行为社会认知模型的发展和Bandura社会认知理论的应用。在HAPA中, 健康行为变化被视为一个包括行为产生、保持和恢复在内的连续过程; 结果预期、危险感知、三种自我效能感和两类计划被用来解释意图的形成及其向行动的转化; 两个阶段的划分有助于区分三类干预对象, 建议实施菜单式干预。HAPA模型具有明显的理论优势, 也引发了有关模型实质的争论。当前和未来的研究旨在考察更多的自我调节变量、检验因果模型, 在健康行为的多个领域开展应用和干预研究。     

健康动机的研究进展与展望

健康动机是人们想要健康的愿望, 是影响人们健康行为的一个决定因素。本文回顾了有关健康动机的理论、测量和实证方面的研究。比较值得推崇的健康动机的动力过程理论认为健康动机是一个内在的动力过程, 并把健康动机对健康行为的作用分为四个阶段: 产生健康愿望、制定计划、采取行动和对行动的坚持。对健康动机的测量主要有一般测量和具体测量两类。实证研究表明健康动机能促进个体的健康行为并由此提高其健康水平。     

来访者动机:心理咨询与治疗理论与实践的整合

来访者动机是影响行为改变和治疗结果的重要因素,是贯穿心理咨询与治疗过程的关键问题。自我决定理论(SDT)是关于动机行为的一种宽泛理论,将动机看成一个随自主水平变化的连续体,认为来访者自主水平越高,治疗效果越好,并强调治疗师的自主支持对来访者参与和坚持改变的重要性;动机访谈(MI)则是在成瘾行为治疗中发展起来的一种临床技术和策略,遵循来访者中心的原则激发和增强来访者动机。在健康行为领域两种治疗模型有不同的起点、焦点和发展路径,研究者却发现两者可以系统而有机地整合,促进了有实证支持的实践发展。     

灰色自我元动机理论—一种新的心理科学观和动机理论(下)

五、灰色自我元动机理论无疑,动机的产生是个过程,以往的动机理论不少对其概括和分析。那么,灰色心理科学观如何看待这个问题?我们认为,有三个阶段: 第一阶段,动机的激发阶段,是个以灰色自我为基础,对内外有关事物进行解释,从而使其具有主观、自我化意义的过程。主体以此为前提,再进行进一步反应。我们已分析,论证了心理的灰色性,动机活动中同样具有灰色性,我们要进一步明确指出的是,自我在心理活动中,特别是动机活动中是个体对外部反应的基本标准,具有筛选作用,它决定个体是     

老年人数字诊疗产品使用影响因素的质性研究

目的：探究老年人使用数字诊疗产品的影响因素。方法：采用现象学研究方法对15名社区老年人进行有关数字诊疗产品接受度与使用情况的半结构式深入访谈,访谈资料采用Colaizzi七步分析法进行分析。结果：老年人使用数字诊疗产品主要包括动机产生、行动产生和维持行动3个阶段。需求是动机产生的基础,在动机转变为行动的过程中,个人资源（包括线下医疗途径通畅度、自我效能感）和环境因素（包括子女或亲友的推荐、外界的宣传介绍、他人帮助）是重要影响因素。老年人的使用体验（包括对产品功能效果以及操作难易的感受）会影响后续的使用动机和使用行为。结论：为提升老年人对数字诊疗产品的使用频率,要先了解老年人的需求与使用动机,提供有针对性的推动策略,加强宣传介绍与帮助指导,促使动机转化为行动。为维持老年人的使用行为,要发展适合他们的产品,让其拥有良好的使用体验。     

自我增强与自我验证

自我增强与自我验证的动机是两种重要的自我动机．本文介绍了在自我研究领域中自我增强及自我验证的理论和有关研究，同时还介绍了两者之间的争论、调和．最近的研究表明：在个体的自我动机中，两者同时存在，并且交替作用来控制行为．本文最后还阐明了影响两种自我动机起作用的因素．     

Swann自我验证理论及实证研究简介

Swann提出自我验证理论并于最近给出自我验证过程的模型,概括了以往有关自我验证的研究结果。自我验证动机和自我评估动机是互补的,但是自我验证动机和自我增强动机之间的争论则很复杂,它们争论发展可分为3个阶段：从“我重要”到“我们都重要”,再到“怎样相互作用决定人的行为”。自我验证理论有着广泛的应用前景。     

健康行为改变理论述评

健康行为对个体身心健康的维护和促进、生活质量的提高具有非常重要的意义,健康行为改变理论可以有效地解释和预测个体健康行为的发生和改变.本文介绍并剖析了健康信念模式、保护动机理论、合理行动/计划行为理论和多阶段改变等四种以心理社会因素为基础的健康行为改变理论,并对这些理论的发展趋势做了展望.     

移情对亲社会行为决策的两种功能

移情对亲社会行为决策具有动机功能和信息功能。霍夫曼认为,移情忧伤不仅能够作为亲社会道德动机促进亲社会行为的产生,而且能够激活观察者的道德原则,进而引发亲社会行为。巴特森强调移情不仅能够增强解除他人困境的动机,而且带有重视他人福利和想使他人困境得到解除的程度的信息。移情的动机功能依赖于诱发移情的情境,而信息功能具有稳定的倾向性,比动机功能更持久,两种功能共同作用使移情在亲社会行为决策中具有更强的适应性。移情功能理论对道德教育具有启示作用。     

Social-Cognitive Factors in Changing Health-Related Behaviors

Changing health-related behaviors requires two separate processes that involve motivation and volition, respectively. First, an intention to change is developed, in part on the basis of self-beliefs. Second, the change must be planned, initiated, and maintained, and relapses must be managed; self-regulation plays a critical role in these processes. Social-cognition models of health behavior change address these two processes. One such model, the health action process approach, is explicitly based on the assumption that two distinct phases need to be studied longitudinally, one phase that leads to a behavioral intention and another that leads to the actual behavior. Particular social-cognitive variables may play different roles in the two stages; perceived self-efficacy is the only predictor that seems to be equally important in the two phases.     

Intention to Migrate,Job Opportunities and Aspiration for Better Pay: An Information Integration Approach

This study examines (a) the relationship between intention to migrate, aspiration for better pay, and job opportunities in host countries in samples of Portuguese and French adolescents, and young French adults; and (b) the relationship between intention to return to country of origin, pay and job opportunities in Portuguese migrant workers living in France. In the two Portuguese groups, the model that best accounts for intentional processes is multiplicative. This finding partially explains why a minimal change in one of the two parameters can have repercussions that are apparently disproportional with this change. In the two French groups, the models that best account for intentional processes are the additive model (for young adults) and a unifactorial model (in adolescents). The discussion centres on possible links between these cross-cultural differences and recent findings on the effect of task difficulty and perceived stakes on integration rules.     

Majority versus minority influence and prediction of behavioral intentions and behavior

Two experiments examined the effects of majority and minority influence on attitude-consistent behavioral intentions. In the first experiment, when attitudes were changed via minority influence there was a greater likelihood to engage in an attitude-consistent behavioral intention than when attitudes were changed via majority influence. This suggests that minority influence leads to stronger attitudes (based on systematic processing) that are more predictive of behavioral intentions, while attitude change via majority influence is due to compliance through non-systematic processing. Further support for this interpretation comes from the finding that the amount of message-congruent elaboration mediated behavioral intention. When there was no attitude change, there was no impact on behavioral intention to engage in an attitude-consistent behavior. Experiment 2 explored the role of personal relevance of the topic and also included a real behavioral measure. When the topic was of low personal relevance, the same pattern was found as Experiment 1. When the topic was of high personal relevance, thus increasing the motivation to engage in systematic processing, attitudes changed by both a majority and minority source increased behavioral intention and actual behavior. The results are consistent with the view that both majorities and minorities can lead to different processes and consequences under different situations.     

Adaptation to tempo changes in sensorimotor synchronization: Effects of intention, attention, and awareness

Adaptation to tempo changes in sensorimotor synchronization is hypothesized to rest on two processes, one (phase correction) being largely automatic and the other (period correction) requiring conscious awareness and attention. In this study, participants tapped their finger in synchrony with auditory sequences containing a tempo change and continued tapping after sequence termination. Their intention to adapt or not to adapt to the tempo change was manipulated through instructions, their attentional resources were varied by introducing a concurrent secondary task (mental arithmetic), and their awareness of the tempo changes was assessed through perceptual judgements. As predicted, period correction was found to be strongly dependent on all three variables, whereas phase correction depended only on intention.     

Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence

Numerous theories in social and health psychology assume that intentions cause behaviors. However, most tests of the intention- behavior relation involve correlational studies that preclude causal inferences. In order to determine whether changes in behavioral intention engender behavior change, participants should be assigned randomly to a treatment that significantly increases the strength of respective intentions relative to a control condition, and differences in subsequent behavior should be compared. The present research obtained 47 experimental tests of intention-behavior relations that satisfied these criteria. Meta-analysis showed that a medium-to-large change in intention (d = 0.66) leads to a small-to-medium change in behavior (d = 0.36). The review also identified several conceptual factors, methodological features, and intervention characteristics that moderate intention-behavior consistency.     

编码方式、认知负荷和线索数量对前瞻记忆的影响

采用2（编码方式：执行意向、练习）×2（认知负荷：高、低）×2（线索数量：单一线索、多线索）的混合设计探讨在不同认知负荷和线索数量下两种编码方式对前瞻记忆的影响。结果表明：认知负荷和编码方式交互作用显著,在高认知负荷条件下,练习编码显著好于执行意向编码;线索数量和编码方式交互作用显著,在多线索条件下,练习编码显著好于执行意向编码。说明执行意向编码更容易受认知负荷和线索数量的影响。研究支持了预备注意与记忆加工理论。     

As Time Goes By: How Goal and Implementation Intentions Influence Enactment of Short‐Fuse Behaviors1

Short‐fuse behaviors are actions that must be enacted within a limited window of opportunity for success. Such behaviors are theoretically important because they facilitate study of the intention formation, maintenance, and enactment processes, and have practical value because of their pervasiveness. Building on the recent work of motivational social psychologists, the research reported here explores 2 different components of an individual's intention to enact short‐fuse behaviors: goal intention and implementation intention. An initial study demonstrates the nomological validity of these 2 constructs and clarifies the psychological mechanisms underlying each one. Subsequent studies show the independent benefits as well as interactional effects of goal and implementation intentions. Taken together, these results demonstrate the complexity underlying the intention‐realization process, elaborate on functioning of goal and implementation intentions, and provide a better understanding of how the intention formation and enactment process transpires for short‐fuse behaviors.     

Exploring cues to sedentary behaviour as processes of physical activity action control

ObjectiveUnderstanding intention–behaviour relations is important in physical activity (PA) research given the large number of people who intend to be active but fail to translate these intentions into behaviour. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether processes/cues for popular sedentary leisure-time behaviours and PA explain additional variance in PA behaviour after controlling for PA intention, and to evaluate whether these processes moderate PA intention–behaviour relations.DesignRandom population-based cross-sectional survey.MethodsParticipants were a random sample of 206 adults who completed measures of the processes of change pertaining to physical activity and four popular leisure-time behaviours (TV viewing, computer use, sedentary hobbies, and sedentary socializing) and an adapted Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire.ResultsResults using hierarchical ordinary least-squares regression provided evidence that cognitive TV processes explain additional variance in PA behaviour and moderate PA intention–behaviour relations.ConclusionsThese results extend the prior literature on relationships between sedentary cognitions and physical activity and underscore the potential value of adding sedentary control interventions in concert with physical activity promotion.     

Causal Models of Physical Exercise Participation: Testing the Predictive Power of the Construct "Pressure to Change"

This study examines 2 different causal models to predict physical exercise motivation and behavior under a longitudinal perspective. The first model includes 5 latent variables that were hypothesized to have an impact on exercise intention and behavior: behavior-specific social support, exercise self-efficacy, perceived health benefits, perceived barriers, and subjective vulnerability to cardiovascular disease. The second model was based on all variables of the first model, but additionally included the new variable "pressure to change." Pressure to change was defined as the extent to which a person feels the necessity that specific personal life circumstances (e.g., health status, social relations) may not remain as they are and ought to be changed. It was hypothesized that the inclusion of health-related pressure to change would result in a better prediction of exercise intention. The proposed causal models were tested separately at the stages of exercise adoption and maintenance. Covariance structure analyses (LISREL) confirmed that pressure to change may be an important factor in the motivational process that leads to the adoption of regular physical exercise. Adding this latent variable to the basic model improved the amount of explained variance in exercise intention by 6%. Furthermore, the results did not support the assumption that cognitive control is critical especially during the acquisition of exercise behaviors, but may be less influential once the behavioral routines have been established. Our data rather indicate that regular physical exercise, even if performed on a regular basis for years, always remains a behavior that requires a high level of cognitive guidance.     

Changing Contraceptive Usage Intentions: A Test of the Fishbein Model of Intention1

The Fishbein model of intention suggests that intention may change as a consequence of change in either a related attitudinal or normative component. This hypothesis was tested on intention to use contraceptives. Users and nonusers of contraceptives were exposed to a message designed to change contraceptive-usage attitude, to a message directed toward changing the normative beliefs associated with using contraceptives, or to a no-message control. The messages advocated one of three contraceptive techniques: (a) males were advised to use condoms, (b) males were advised to rely on their partner's use of oral contraceptives, or (c) females were advised to use oral contraceptives. Contraceptive-usage intention changed only in the two conditions where the model's requirements for change were present. Thus, the pattern of change agreed with Fishbein's suggestions and provided moderate support for the intention model and its application to intention change in health care settings.