有关创造力测量的一些思考

创造力测量是创造力研究的基础, 然而该领域研究成果却一直饱受质疑, 因此如何准确测量创造力是研究者亟需解决的问题。近几年, 创造力测量领域围绕一些研究热点, 在多方面取得显著进展。例如：发散思维测验独特性维度的计分问题, 或许可以通过主观计分法解决; 顿悟类测验可能表征个体创造力水平, 但效度仍有待于进一步确认; 创造力成就测验可能带来的共同方法变异问题, 需要通过合理应用测验规避; 同感评估技术或许会引起评定者效应; 研究者开始从语义网络角度测量创造力等等。未来该领域研究应当在：基本概念问题上达成共识; 从测验内容和施测过程优化测验质量; 采用混合测验的策略以及通过跨领域研究增进测量技术多样化等方面进行努力。     

正常与多动儿童的创造力、学习适应性比较研究

本研究比较ADHD儿童和正常儿童在创造性思维测验、学习适应性测验以及教师对其创造力评价上的差异。结果表明：(1)ADHD儿童和正常儿童在数字和图形创造性思维测验上的成绩没有显著的差异。表明ADHD和创造力是彼此独立的两个特质;(2)ADHD儿童在学习态度、学校环境(主要是师生关系和同伴关系)、独立性和毅力等维度上明显偏低;(3)不同学科教师对于ADHD儿童和正常儿童在创造力水平高低的评价上没有显著性差异;(4)对于正常儿童。不同学科教师对其创造力的评价与儿童在创造力测验上的得分呈显著性相关;对于ADHD儿童则没有显著性相关。     

中国人整体性思维特征的情境评估法及其应用

创设了新的中国人思维特征的情境评估方法, 初步应用于整体性思维特征与创造力倾向关系的研究并对其信效度进行了检验。新评估法选取体现典型文化意境和中国人思维特征的成语谜语作为材料, 利用虚拟现实技术构建形与意、情境与语境相互转换的成语谜语文化园, 记录被试游览时即景说出的成语建立成语库, 并编码所录成语的思维特征类型以作为被试的整体性思维测量指标。基于测试数据的信效度分析表明整体性思维成语测试系统信效度表现良好。整体性思维与创造力倾向的相关分析表明, 整体性思维与创造力倾向中的好奇性显著负相关。研究首次证实了利用虚拟现实技术来重建传统文化情境以实现对中国人思维特征的情境评估的可行性, 提示基于虚拟现实技术的情境评估法在未来心理学相关研究中的应用价值。     

创造性潜能评述

E.P.Torrance教授是当前美国创造力研究中最有影响的权威之一。他在本文中提出了创造性思维的一个新的研究范畴——超越理性、推理的思维。文章对这种思维下了定义,对它的内容作了介绍,并进行了分析论述,以及对它的评价方法作了探讨。本文讨论的内容在当前国际间的兴趣和注意正在高涨并引起了广泛深入的研究。     

经典创造力测验的评价

从20世纪50年代以来，心理测验的一个重大发展是对于创造力的测量。从经典的吉尔福特发散思维的测验、托兰斯创造性思维测验到今天沸沸扬扬的人才测评，几乎所有相关的测验都在试图测量人众多能力中的一种——创造力。但是，由于创造力测验理论不够完善和统一，创造力是否能够真的被测量出来，应用测验量表所测量到的是不是就是我们所认为的创造力，这些都受到人们的质疑。本文立足于此，来了解和认识创造力测验中存在的不足之处。     

青少年创造力的发展研究

创造性思维是创造力认知方向研究的一个热点,绝大多数研究者将发散思维作为测查的唯一指标.本研究将聚合思维也纳入测查指标,采用自编的<青少年创造性思维测验>,对我国青少年创造力的发展进行研究,结果表明:(1)青少年的创造力整体呈阶段性发展,在同一阶段内呈连续性,小学六年级到初一为发展的关键期.(2)女生创造力水平明显高于男生,主要表现在发散思维的流畅性和变通性子维度上.     

阅读障碍学生创造力特征的研究

本研究采用问卷测量的方法,对76名阅读障碍学生的创造力特征以及教师对其创造力评价的客观性进行了研究,结果表明:(1)阅读障碍学生的创造力总分与正常学生并无显著差异,但阅读障碍学生创造力的独特性和抽象性成绩显著优于正常学生。(2)对阅读障碍学生而言,流畅性、精细性和创造力总分存在性别差异;创造力总分亦存在年级差异;独特性与创造力总分在年级与性别因素上均存在交互作用。(3)不同学科教师对正常学生的创造力评价显著高于阅读障碍学生,他们对正常学生的创造力评价基本客观,对阅读障碍学生创造力的评价则与测验成绩呈显著负相关。     

创造性研究的有效工具——远距离联想测验（RAT）

介绍了一个测量创造力的方法——远距离联想测验（remoteassociatestest,RAT）,并将它与其他创造性测验方法进行比较。文章还介绍了应用RAT进行的一些创造性科学研究的成果。作者认为RAT是适合创造性科学研究,尤其是神经科学研究的重要工具     

青少年创造性思维的特点及其对日常创造性行为的影响：人格的中介作用

采用言语和空间创造力测验、青少年人格问卷、中学生日常创造性行为问卷对1048名中学生施测,考查青少年创造性思维的特点,并探讨创造性思维、人格对日常创造性行为的影响.结果发现:(1)女生在言语创造力的流畅性、灵活性维度以及图形创造力各维度的得分均显著高于男生;高一年级的言语创造力流畅性、灵活性维度显著高于其他三个年级,高一年级的图形创造力质量维度显著高于初二、高二年级;(2)言语创造力与人格的开放性和外向性、语言文学、文艺表演和社会活动维度呈显著正相关.图形创造力与开放性、语言文学、文艺表演和手工技术呈显著正相关;(3)开放性和外向性在言语创造力和创造性行为之间起完全中介作用,在图形创造力上中介作用不显著.具体到创造性行为的各个领域,开放性和外向性在创造性思维和创造性行为间起着不同的作用.     

青少年科学创造力测验的编制

基于科学创造力的结构模型、青少年科学创造力的表现及托兰斯的创造性测验,编制了青少年科学创造力测验,并用该测验施测于英国的1087名中学生和中国的1087名中学生,结果表明:(1)《青少年科学创造力测验》具有较高的信度,Cronbachα系数、评分者信度、重测信度均达到心理测验学要求的水平;(2)《青少年科学创造力测验》具有较高的结构效度。     

Consensual Assessment of Creativity in Teaching Design by Supportive Peers—Its Validity,Practicality, and Benefit

Creativity in teaching is a significant and complex construct. However, in the local educational context, creativity in teaching has received little attention. This study aimed to investigate the validity, practicality, and benefits of applying a modified consensual assessment technique (CAT) to assess creativity in teaching design. Four hundred and eighty‐five written teaching designs were collected from 167 in‐service and pre‐service primary school teachers in Hong Kong. Instead of expert teachers, “supportive” peers, who had shown support, interest, and initiative in creative teaching were recruited as judges. A warm‐up exercise, with no definition of creativity, was given to the judges before beginning their assessments. The results indicated overall consistency in the judges' assessments of creativity, and that creativity factor could be distinguished from pedagogical skills and other technical factors. Most of the peer judges reported personal gains in creative teaching by engaging in the assessment process. On average, each judge spent approximately only 2 minutes rating each written teaching design. The findings confirm that the modified CAT is a valid and economical assessment method with learning benefits for the judges. The special values and implications of using supportive peer judges in consensual assessment are further discussed.     

基于CAT的在线标定:设计与方法

项目增补是题库建设和维护的重要手段, 而标定新题参数是项目增补的重要内容。在线标定设计和在线标定方法分别研究新题的施测方式和参数估计方法, 是计算机化自适应测验(computerized adaptive testing, CAT)情景下项目增补的核心技术。重点厘清在线标定设计与在线标定方法的发展思路和脉络, 并对它们的特点、联系和表现进行介绍和评价。未来应基于其他信息指标进一步研究在线标定设计, 可基于联合估计和误差校正的思路探究在线标定方法, 应加强研究认知诊断CAT和多维CAT的在线标定技术, 深入开展项目增补方法的实证研究。     

A Comparison of Assessment Methods and Raters in Product Creativity

Although previous studies have attempted to use different experiences of raters to rate product creativity by adopting the Consensus Assessment Method (CAT) approach, the validity of replacing CAT with another measurement tool has not been adequately tested. This study aimed to compare raters with different levels of experience (expert ves. nonexpert raters) using both CAT and the product creativity measurement instrument (PCMI) to assess the product creativity of 56 design works based on a design competition. The results showed that nonexpert raters who used either CAT or PCMI had higher interreliability than expert raters. Using PCMI was found to result in higher correlation than using CAT for the expert and nonexpert raters, although the correlation between the CAT and PCMI methods was statistically insignificantly different. After regression analysis, the results showed that all PCMI items had higher explanatory power for the creativity scores using CAT and, moreover, the nonexpert raters were found to have higher explanatory power than the expert raters. Based on these results, it is recommended that the use of both nonexpert raters and PCMI is an alternative way of enhancing the flexibility of product creativity assessment.     

The Qatar Creativity Conference: Research and Recommendations for School,Family, and Society1

A conference on creativity and its development was held at the University of Qatar in Doha, drawing approximately 75 participants from various Arab universities plus two American speakers. Research and theoretical papers focused on models of creativity development, factors related to strengthening and measuring creative abilities, the role of the family and educational and social institutions, and fostering creative development in educational technology, arts education, and physical education. Reports and discussions also considered obstacles to creative development in Arab settings. In addition, participants itemized recommendations in the areas of creativity in general, the schools, the family, and society. The present authors noted potential difficulties related to language differences, the role of women, and frequently-mentioned authoritarian teaching practices, plus a current opportunity for Arab creativity research related to recent worldwide media influence.     

The Cognitive Spiral: Creative Thinking and Cognitive Processing

Defining and measuring the construct of creative thinking has proven to be an elusive task. As Clark (1979) has pointed out, the term creativity is used as if there is general agreement as to what the construct means. Yet the fact is that research has taken many routes, and definitions are more often specific to the particular author than a matter of consensus. However, when applying creative thinking to instructional design and presentation, it would be prudent to have a concise definition which separates out potentially confounding elements. The Cognitive Spiral model conceptualizes creative thinking as an integral component of all cognitive processing. This article details the synthesis of a definition and the structure of a model of cognitive processing.     

Measuring Functional Creativity: Non‐Expert Raters and the Creative Solution Diagnosis Scale

The Creative Solution Diagnosis Scale (CSDS) is a 30‐item scale based on a core of four criteria: Relevance & Effectiveness, Novelty, Elegance, and Genesis. The CSDS offers potential for the consensual assessment of functional product creativity. This article describes an empirical study in which non‐expert judges rated a series of mousetrap designs using the 30‐item CSDS. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed a simple structure that corresponded closely to the a priori theoretical model of functional creativity, resulting in a revised 24‐item CSDS. Non‐expert judges were able to use the scale with a high degree of reliability and internal consistency. The revised CSDS paves the way for further research into the use of non‐expert judges as a possible replacement for more costly, harder‐to‐obtain experts when measuring product creativity using the Consensual Assessment Technique (CAT).     

Creativity, intelligence, and personality: a critical review of the scattered literature

The authors examined the relations among intelligence, personality, and creativity. They consider the concept and definition of creativity in conjunction with the qualifications that researchers in the field have suggested. The present authors briefly refer to historiometric studies but focus on psychometric intelligence and its relations to tests of divergent thinking (DT) and ratings of creativity. The authors consider the relation between personality and creativity in the context of Eysenckian 3-factor and 5-factor models of personality and with reference to DT tests and ratings of creativity. The authors also present recommendations for the future study of creativity.     

Dissociable neural systems for analogy and metaphor: implications for the neuroscience of creativity

Two recent reviews of the neuroimaging literature on creativity have pointed to inconsistent findings across studies, calling into question the usefulness of the theoretical constructs motivating the search for its neural bases. However, it is argued that consistent patterns of neural activation do emerge when the cognitive process and the neuroimaging method are kept uniform across studies. To demonstrate this empirically, the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) method was used to conduct quantitative meta-analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments of analogy and metaphor - two processes related to creativity and included in the recent reviews. The results demonstrated that analogy and metaphor reliably activate consistent but dissociable brain regions across fMRI studies. The implications of the findings for cognitive theories of analogy and metaphor are discussed. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that to the extent that creativity has heterogeneous sources, its neural instantiation will vary as a function of the underlying cognitive processes.     

The Creative Mode of Being

Because of misperceptions about the nature of creativity, many creative children are misunderstood in and out of their classrooms. Based on a close association with creative adults and childrenn, the authors postulate that creativity is a state of being that is challenged by the socialization process in Western civilization. The authors envisage two differing states of being namely, an essential and a conventional. These states represent end points on a continuum. Creative adults speak of their struggle to try and regain something of their original state of being. Understanding creative children who are closer to the essential state is important for their emotional well-being and the nurturing of their creativity.