从甲金部首析殷周字体演变

殷商至西周时期的字体演变是隶变的前奏。选取甲骨文部首和西周金文部首,在线面、笔画等层面进行分类与统计,参照史前陶符情况,分析比较殷周文字在线面性质与组合方式、笔画数量与主要笔形、规则化走向等方面的特征,发现汉字字体一些重要特征在殷周时期已经确定,汉字的符号化进程与同时期世界其他文字异质但同步。汉字用独特方式度过了线面简化时期,延续了自身特色,并在新的层面进行笔形革新与规整。春秋时期地域性装饰性特色和战国时期省变进程都是字体演变的必然。     

中国传统印刷宋体字的演进特征探析

中国传统印刷字体——宋体的发展由宋代到清代历经近千年,其字形视觉特征的发展和定型不是一蹴而就的,其各笔画视觉特征的演变在明中期至清中前期基本完成和定型,梳理这一演变过程中宋体字各笔画视觉形态的具体发展脉络对于宋体字的设计具有视觉意义。     

浅析汉字设计的“形态”之美

我们现今所普遍使用的汉字印刷体，乃汉字体设计中的基本字体，如宋体、黑体等，它们的状貌如何呢？在电脑字库中不难发现，宋体端正、工整、大方，便于排版印刷，应用灵活。与此同时，宋体的形态平庸、单调，情感冷漠、机械，过于理性。宋体虽由唐楷演变而来，但在实用主义的长期驱使下，唐楷的意韵之美已丢失殆尽。实用性的字库，在汉字体的整体设计上，主要从功能出发，对字体形态的艺术性关注微乎其微。简言之，现代汉字严重缺少汉字体传统意义上的“形态”之美。     

笔画复杂性和重复性对笔画和汉字认知的影响

采用笔画识别和词汇决定的方法 ,对汉字笔画认知和笔画在汉字认知中的作用作了考察。实验一探讨了汉字笔画自身的复杂性对笔画认知的影响。结果表明 ,笔画自身的复杂性对笔画认知无显著影响 ,识别简单笔画和识别复杂笔画的反应时与错误率无显著差异。实验二考察了笔画的重复性对汉字认知的影响。结果表明 ,汉字认知中存在笔画重复性效应。笔画重复较多的汉字比笔画较少重复的汉字识别时间短 ,错误率亦低。整个实验结果支持笔画是汉字加工的基本单元的假设     

汉字整体和笔画频率对笔画认知的影响

为考察笔画在汉字认知中的作用,探讨了汉字整体和笔画频率对笔画认知的影响。结果表明：（1）和部件识别类似,笔画认知存在着显著的字劣效应：识别汉字中的笔画比识别单独呈现的笔画反应时明显地长,错误率也大幅度增加,显示了汉字整体对笔画认知的抑制性影响。（2）识别汉字中的笔画的反应时也受背景汉字笔画多少的影响。识别少笔画汉字中的笔画比识别多笔画汉字中的笔画容易。（3）笔画频率对笔画认知也有重要影响,频率高的笔画比频率低的笔画容易识别     

笔顺与笔画数对汉字构成过程的影响

本研究采用笔画构成汉字的实验任务,考查了笔画的笔顺与笔画数对汉字构成过程的影响。实验材料为构成三到五划高频汉字的笔画组。将三到五个笔画水平排列构成一个笔画组,有的笔画组按照汉字书写的笔顺排列笔画,有的违反正常汉字书写的笔顺,让被试判断这些笔画组是否能够构成一个汉字。实验一,要求被试判断笔画组能否构成汉字并把汉字正确书写出来。实验二,要求被试判断笔画组能否构成汉字。结果发现在实验过程中判断符合书写笔顺的笔画组能否构成汉字的反应时明显短于不符合笔顺的笔画组,错误率降低。同时,研究还发现汉字构成过程还受到笔画数的影响,在实验一中表现为少笔画的笔画组构字的错误率低于笔画多的笔画组,在实验二中表现为少笔画的笔画组构字反应时短于笔画多的笔画组。这些结果说明了笔画空间位置与笔画数对汉字书写过程有重要意义。     

欧阳询《九成宫醴泉铭》结构空间审美浅析

欧阳询《九成宫醴泉铭》在结构空间处理上蕴含着多样统一的美学理念:章法平齐庄重,笔画布白均匀;在字形体态和笔画勾斫中熟练运用了黄金分割法则,韵律自然;笔画与笔画的关系处理上批亢捣虚,险峻挺拔;在字势的运动变化和角度变化上运用了焦点透视理论,增强了字体空间变化和视觉冲击力。文章以深刻的认识和独特的感悟,以期从结构空间的角度浅析《九成宫醴泉铭》的审美涵义。     

整字、部件与笔画对笔画构成汉字的影响

该研究采用笔画构成汉字的实验范式,利用整字、部件、笔画作为启动材料考查了笔画构成汉字过程中整体与部分之间的关系。实验中要求被试用给出的笔画组（四划或五划）构成汉字,并且判断笔画组是否能够构成一个真实的汉字。结果发现整字在笔画构成汉字的实验过程中起到最为关键的作用。其次是笔画存在着明显的启动效应,部件的启动效应最弱。结论：在笔画构成汉字的过程中,主要以整字加工为主,笔画加工也起到了重要作用。     

汉字字体的演变与印刷术的发展

通观书法史,我们就会发现,一种字体的兴起,首先要有广泛的书写群体,书写人群形成规模,字体逐渐发展成熟,大量的书写者达成共识,新的字体优于旧的字体,然后才能完成新旧字体的替代。例如,隶书来自民间和下层书吏,正是因其便捷性优于篆书,而后才代替篆书成为官方的标准字。楷书代替隶书也是如此,都是先发自民间,再由官方统一推行,进而推动字体的演变替代。民间的、地方的、具有广泛群众基础的、较为成熟的新字体,在演变基本充分的基础上由官方完成其规范化和统一化。而印刷术发展以后,特别是活字印刷术的普及,书吏、写经人等文字书写群体的减少,客观上使文字的演化失去了广泛的书写基础。正是唐宋以来印刷术的不断发展和普及,汉字几千年来自然的演化进程才被大大延缓乃至停滞了。新形势下的电脑打字的普及,更进一步地延缓或改变了汉字几千年来自然演化的进程。     

汉字的视觉表征及字体设计表现的多维化

汉字是思维意识所产生的视觉符号,是客观物象与主观意象的结合,其演变与发展就是意象表达空间的不断延伸。信息化时代人们视觉感知方式呈现多元化,汉字也要跨界,寻求和其他领域的交叉和融合。从注重汉字本身到注重其所处的空间和环境,从二维视觉呈现方式向立体和虚拟空间媒介扩展。在以汉字为造型语言的基础上,寻求适合辅助主题的多种媒介手段的综合运用,形成了汉字字体设计的"多维度"表现方法。     

The role of phonological activation in the visual semantic retrieval of Chinese characters

The Stroop paradigm was used to examine the role of phonological activation in semantic access and its development in reading Chinese characters. Subjects (age 7-23 years) of different reading ability were asked to name the display color of Chinese characters. The characters were displayed in four different colors: red, yellow, blue and green. There were five types of relationships between a character and its display color: semantically congruent, phonologically congruent, semantically incongruent, phonologically incongruent and neutral. In addition to the classical Stroop effects, interference and facilitation effects from the homophones of color characters were also observed. The younger children and those with lower reading ability exhibited stronger Stroop effects. These findings suggest that phonological codes are activated automatically in Chinese character recognition. Furthermore, there is more phonological activation in the semantic retrieval of children in lower grades and those with lower reading ability.     

汉字位置加工和词边界效应的认知机制

在中文阅读中, 为了进行词汇识别, 需要对汉字在词中的相对顺序进行加工, 即汉字位置加工。汉字位置加工是词汇识别和阅读理解的重要环节。如果汉字位置未得到加工, 可转置词将很难被区分。可转置词由相同汉字构成, 但每个汉字所处位置不同。以往研究发现, 词内汉字位置加工是比较灵活的; 而且词边界信息会影响汉字位置的加工, 即汉字位置加工存在词边界效应。该效应产生的原因及影响因素有哪些?本项目采用眼动追踪技术, 在自然阅读中系统探讨如下三个问题:(1)词的首/尾汉字如何调节汉字位置加工过程; (2)嵌套词和歧义词边界如何影响汉字位置加工; (3)语境合理性和预测性如何影响汉字位置加工的词边界效应。本项目将为首个中文汉字位置加工模型的建立提供数据支持和科学基础, 推进现有的中文词汇识别和词切分模型的进一步完善, 并为词汇的高效率教授与学习提供科学指导。     

Eye movements and the identification of spatially ambiguous words during Chinese sentence reading

Readers of Chinese must generally determine word units in the absence of visually distinct inter-word spaces. In the present study, we examined how a sequence of Chinese characters is parsed into words under these conditions. Eye movements were monitored while participants read sentences with a critical four-character (C1234) sequence. Three partially overlapping character groupings formed legal words in the ambiguous condition (C12, C23, and C34), two of which corresponded to context-consistent words (C12 and C34). Two nonoverlapping groupings corresponded to legal words in the control conditions (C12 and C34). In two experiments, readers spent more time viewing the critical character sequence and its two center characters (C23) in the ambiguous condition. These results argue against the strictly serial assignment of characters to words during the reading of Chinese text.     

电子地图汉字大小辨认阈限和合理字间距

本研究由三个实验组成,探讨电子地图中汉字呈现的辨认闽限和合理字间距（信息载负量）问题。实验一采用恒定刺激法测定电子地图中汉字的辨认闽限,结果显示,汉字复杂度和背景的复杂度都影响地图汉字识别,且不存在交互作用;宋体汉字的平均辨认阈限为7．0771’。实验二运用调整法测得在电子地图中宋体汉字的舒适阈限（能识别每个笔画的汉字辨认阈限）为16．6951’。实验三以视觉搜索方法研究字间距（体现在电子地图中单位面积字数）与搜索效率的关系,结果显示,每个汉字平均耗费的搜索时间随着字数增加而减少,说明字数越多,搜索效率越高。     

3-5岁儿童汉字方向敏感性的发展

通过Surface Pro触屏电脑呈现知觉匹配任务,记录儿童的主动反应,探查了83名3-5岁学前儿童汉字方向（倒置与镜像）敏感性的早期发展及其与汉字阅读能力的关系。结果发现,4岁儿童可以很好地区分正反方向的汉字,表现出汉字倒置方向的敏感性。但是,各年龄组儿童还未对镜像汉字表现出敏感性。学前儿童对汉字两种方向的认识表现出不同的发展轨迹。学前儿童的汉字倒置方向敏感性与其汉字阅读能力显著相关。     

Visual and phonological pathways to the lexicon: Evidence from Chinese readers

In this study, we investigated the role of visual and phonological information in lexical access of Chinese characters. Homophonic English words have been the main source of stimuli for word recognition research. However, since these stimuli also often look alike, visual and phonological information may be confounded in reported experiments. In contrast, many homophonic Chinese characters are visually distinct. In addition, visually similar characters often have very different pronunciations. These characteristics allow a more controlled investigation of the roles of visual and phonological information in activation of meaning. In the present study, two types of Chinese characters were used in a semantic categorization paradigm: integrated characters, which contain strokes that are not separable; and compound characters, which contain at least two clearly identifiable components. The results show that the recognition of a Chinese integrated character depends primarily on visual information, whereas the recognition of a Chinese compound character relies on visual, phonological, and semantic information. It is concluded that visual information plays a greater role in Chinese character recognition than has previously been documented.     

Positional character frequency and word spacing facilitate the acquisition of novel words during Chinese children's reading

Children's eye movements were recorded to examine the role of word spacing and positional character frequency on the process of Chinese lexical acquisition during reading. Three types of two-character novel pseudowords were constructed: words containing characters in positions in which they frequently occurred (congruent), words containing characters in positions they do not frequently occur in (incongruent) and words containing characters that do not have a strong position bias (balanced). There were two phases within the experiment, a learning phase and a test phase. There were also two learning groups: half the children read sentences in a word-spaced format and the other half read the sentences in an unspaced format during the learning phase. All the participants read normal, unspaced text at test. A benefit of word spacing was observed in the learning phase, but not at test. Also, facilitatory effects of positional character congruency were found both in the learning and test phase; however, this benefit was greatly reduced at test. Furthermore, we did not find any interaction between word spacing and positional character frequencies, indicating that these two types of cues affect lexical acquisition independently. With respect to theoretical accounts of lexical acquisition, we argue that word spacing might facilitate the very earliest stages of word learning by clearly demarking word boundary locations. In contrast, we argue that characters' positional frequencies might affect relatively later stages of word learning.     

结构对称汉字识别的加工机制(I)——整字识别的实验研究

在前期关于整字识别研究的基础上 ,增加任务难度 ,以不同倾斜角度呈现汉字、在心理旋转条件下进一步考察了结构对称汉字识别的加工机制。结果表明 :结构对称字的反应时随着识别难度增加而延长的幅度明显小于非对称汉字 ,而且 ,在刺激字的各种倾斜状态下 ,结构对称汉字的识别反应时均显著小于非对称汉字 ,说明汉字的结构对称性不仅可促进汉字的识别进程 ,而且可增强汉字识别的恒常性。     

汉字认知过程中整字对部件的影响

英文研究中,"字优效应"是单词促进字母加工的一个重要依据。但中文研究中还存在一些争议。本研究通过两个实验考查了汉字的部件认知中,汉字整体对局部(部件)的影响。实验刺激材料分为三种,即左右结构或上下结构的真字、假字与部件字。目标部件为既能够放置于三种字符的左侧,又能放置于右侧(上部或下部)的汉字部件。实验一采用Reicher-Wheeler实验任务,先呈现刺激材料350ms,掩蔽后再呈现需要判断的目标部件,被试对目标部件进行按键反应。实验二中采用部件判断实验任务,先呈现需要判断的目标部件,再呈现刺激材料,被试对刺激材料中是否包含目标部件进行按键反应。记录反应时与正确率。27位健康女性大学生参与本实验。结果显示:(1)不论是Reicher-Wheeler实验任务还是部件判断实验任务,均显示部件字的部件认知判断速度最快。真字与假字相比,无"字优效应"。真字与部件字相比,存在着"字劣效应"。这些结果表明,汉字整字对汉字部件认知加工起到抑制作用;(2)两个实验任务均表现出汉字结构方式效应,即对左右结构的汉字的部件认知比上下结构的汉字更快;(3)部件的空间位置对部件识别存在影响。实验一中对下部件分辨最困难,分辨时间最长;实验二中发现对左部件的反应最快。字符结构方式效应与部件空间位置效应既存在于真字中,也存在于假字中。     

小学五年级语文学优生与学困生阅读知觉广度的眼动研究

本研究以眼动仪为工具,采用移动窗口范式来考察小学五年级语文学优生和学困生的阅读知觉广度。实验结果发现,小学五年级语文学优生的阅读知觉广度范围为注视字左侧一个汉字到注视字右侧三个汉字,小学五年级语文学困生的阅读知觉广度范围为注视字左侧一个汉字到注视字右侧两个汉字。小学五年级语文学优生的阅读知觉广度比学困生更大。