CONCEPTIONS ET STRATEGIES D'ADAPTATION DES ADOLESCENTS FACE A LA DEPRESSION*

The purpose of the study is to investigate how adolescents perceive and face depression. Two questionnaires, the Beliefs about Behaviour (BAB; Rippere 1977a) and the Coping Strategies Scales (COSTS; Beckham and Adams 1984), were given to 221 boys and 65 girls, with an age ranging from 11 to 18 years and from two different schools (Collège St-Alexandre and High School Erablière, both in Gatineau, Québec). Adolescents have a well-defined picture of depression. They face depression with strategies as given in COSTS and the strategies are more and more homogeneous as a function of increasing age.     

ETUDE INTERCULTURELLE DE LA GENERALISATION DES OPERATIONS: SIMILITUDE ET COHERENCE DES ACTIVITES DE CLASSIFICATION ET DE SERIATION CHEZ DES SUJETS CANADIENS-FRANÇAIS,RWANDAIS SCOLARISES ET RWANDAIS NON SCOLARISES*

Sixty-two French-Canadian children, seven to ten years old; 64 schooled Rwandese children, ten to thirteen years old; and 32 unschooled Rwandese subjects aged 15 and 17 were tested on four piagetian logico-mathematical tasks: hierarchical classification (CA), multiple classification (CM), seriation of weight (RA) and double seriation (RM). Due to the effect of order, separate analyses were performed for tasks done during the same test session. When the results of tasks CA and RM, on the one hand, and of RA and CM, on the other hand, are combined, it is observed, firstly, that the items alternate in order of difficulty and, secondly, that the number of coherent patterns of responses exceeds the null hypothesis in French-Canadian and schooled Rwandese populations, supporting the hypothesis of a complementary and partially synchronous modality of structuration of logical abilities. From another point of view, when the items from all four tasks are combined in a single scale of difficulty, the very close similarity observed between the ranks of the items in the three populations strengthens the hypothesis of a universally determined cognitive development based mainly on the equilibration process.     

ETUDE COMPARATIVE DE L'IMAGE DE LA PSYCHOLOGIE CHEZ LES ETUDIANTS EN PSYCHOLOGIE,BELGES, ESPAGNOLS,FRANCAIS, MEXICAINS ET QUEBECOIS*

1373 psychology students from Barcelona (Spain), Liège (Belgium), Lille (France), Mexico city (Mexico) and Montréal (Canada) responded to a questionnaire dealing with their image of the discipline at various points in their university career. The students were asked to designate the authors they felt to be the most important as well as their preferences in regard to various areas and tendencies in psychology. The results show more agreement than could have been expected considering the cultural diversity and the great distance among the groups examined. Relevant differences from the other universities studied were found only with the Mexican students.     

利奥波德·塞达尔·桑戈尔与普世文明

在利奥波德·塞达尔·桑戈尔积极捍卫的观念中,普世文明当属其思想的主要组成部分。这一观念曾受到各种评论,有时甚至受到错误的解释或反驳。本文将阐述笔者对桑戈尔思想基础的个人看法。我首先要分析他关于“黑人精神”（N6gritude）的思想,     

The Multiplicative AHP,SMART and ELECTRE in a Common Context

This paper presents a comparative study of three popular methods for multicriteria decision analysis based on a particular model of human preferential judgement. Since decisions are invariably made within a given context, we model relative preferences as ratios of increments or decrements in an interval on an axis of desirability. Next we sort the ratio magnitudes into a small number of categories, represented by numerical values on a geometric scale. We explain why the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the French collection of ELECTRE methods, typically based on pairwise comparison methods, are concerned with categories of ratio magnitudes, whereas the simple multiattribute rating technique (SMART) essentially uses orders of magnitude of these ratios. This phenomenon provides a common basis for the analysis of the methods in question and for a cross-validation of their results. We illustrate the approach via a well-known case study, the choice of a location for a nuclear power plant. We conclude by discussing the scope of the comparative study. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CONTRIBUTION A UNE ETUDE COMPARATIVE DES REPRESENTATIONS DES ROLES ET STATUTS MASCULINS ET FEMININS CHEZ LES JEUNES TUNISIENS SCOLARISES

After highlighting the local problems of the investigation and the cooperation with the other research groups, the authors describe the sample of subjects which is not representative of the whole Tunisian youth, and the application conditions of the questionnaire in Tunis. The Masculinity score is not affected by sex, age and academic orientation while sex and academic orientation influence the Femininity score. Sex is an important variable on the Importance of Marriage (F>M) and the Number of children desired (Fgt; M) but does not influence Educational Aspiration and Expectation. About the same findings are obtained for both sexes on the occupational values: Success is the most important factor. Academic orientation affects Success and Security (technical > college), and Creative, and Prestige (college > technical). The authors conclude that for the sample of subjects studied, attitudes, motivations and representations are changing.