小学儿童方块汉字和汉语拼音识记曲线的实验研究

研究目的本实验就我国小学儿童方块汉字和汉语拼音识记曲线进行实验研究,旨在进一步了解我国小学儿童记忆发展的某些特点,为小学语文教学提供心理学依据.对象和方法实验对象:分层随机抽取小学一、三、五年级儿童共96名.每年级32人.实验材料:方块汉字以及相应的汉语拼音各两套,每套十个双字词.实验方法和程序:1、测定方块汉字的识记曲线:主试把一套方块汉字,用自动幻灯机按每秒1张的速度(间隔1秒)逐张呈现一遍。呈现毕,即要求被试在记录纸上默写。重复以上程序,共五     

位置特异性和项目呈现方式对即时情景记忆顺序重构的影响

在Healy等人(2008)的实验范式基础上,以中文姓名作为实验材料,探究位置特异性和项目呈现方式对即时情景记忆的影响。两个实验都要求被试对所呈现的20个姓名中的12个进行顺序重构。重构的12个位置分别为1-12、5-16、9-20三个水平,这三组位置同时包括绝对位置9-12。实验1采取视觉呈现,比较三个任务类型上重构正确率的差异。实验1的结果支持Healy的编码特异性理论,但是末尾呈现的项目仅有较小的重构优势。实验2采取听觉呈现,结果发现,在系列位置5-16上出现了较明显的近因效应,而在位置9-20上并无明显的近因效应。这表明位置特异性理论对顺序重构的影响主要表现为绝对位置的特异性而并非相对位置的特异性,系列位置效应出现在记忆的编码过程而不是提取过程。     

得失情境下的图形框架对跨期选择倾向的影响

为分离言语表述的干扰,实验采用简单选择任务,通过2(图形框架)×2(跨期选择)×2(得失情境)被试内实验设计探讨得失情境下图形框架对个体跨期选择的影响。结果发现:(1)在突出时间条件下,被试更倾向于选择小而即时的选项,而在突出金额条件下,被试选择小而即时和大而延时的概率没有差异;(2)收益情境中,个体更多地选择大而延时的选项,而在损失情境中,个体选择即时损失的概率更高。结果表明,跨期选择中个体的决策偏好会随着得失情境及决策选项描述方式的变化而变化。     

3-6岁儿童颜色及图形视觉辨认实验研究

本研究对120名学前儿童(3—6岁)进行了12种颜色和12种图形的辨认实验。实验刺激用速示器分三种速度(0.01秒、0.05秒、0.1秒)呈现。结果表明:呈现速度对辨认正确率有着明显的影响。3—6岁儿童对颜色和图形的辨认能力均随年龄增长而逐步提高。学前儿童对颜色的辨别,在三种呈现速度条件下,均以对黄、红、绿三色的辨认正确率为最高;对图形的辨认在不同呈现速度条件下出现优势与劣势图形之分。优势图形正确辨认百分比较高,而劣势图形则较低,这种优劣势图形的产生可能与图形的空间结构特性及进行言语“句子化”编码的难易有着密切关系。     

负数的空间表征机制

本研究采用快速数字大小分类范式,每次试验呈现一个数字,要求被试快速判断即时呈现的数字大于或小于-5（或5）,探讨负数在心理数字线上的表征方向问题。实验一将负数（-1～-9）和正数（1～9）分两组分别呈现;实验二将正负数混合呈现,仅对负数进行反应。结果表明,负数按照其绝对值大小表征在心理数字线上,绝对值小的负数表征在心理数字线的左侧,绝对值大的负数表征在心理数字线的右侧。该结果支持系统进化论假说     

图形面积判断任务下信息加工模式和信息呈现方式对吸引效应的影响

研究使用图形面积判断任务取代典型的双属性决策框架, 考察了不同信息加工模式和信息呈现方式对吸引效应的影响。实验1比较了不同信息加工模式对吸引效应的影响, 结果发现, 当被试以直觉的信息加工方式进行面积比较判断时, 吸引效应不显著, 而以分析的信息加工方式判断时吸引效应明显存在, 后者效应强度显著大于前者。实验2通过调整图形排列顺序, 比较了刺激材料呈现方式对吸引效应的影响, 结果表明, 被试以直觉的信息加工方式进行判断时吸引效应依然存在, 但其表现要受信息呈现方式影响, 相对于将目标图形放置于诱引图形和竞争图形之间, 将诱引图形放置于目标图形和竞争图形之间而成为判断背景时, 吸引效应强度更大。研究提出了吸引效应形成的两阶段理论, 认为吸引效应产生的根源同时来自直觉的和分析的两个信息加工阶段, 研究也证实信息呈现方式对被试信息加工方式造成较大影响, 进而影响吸引效应强度。     

视知觉无意识加工中的形状优势效应

研究了视知觉无意识加工中是否存在形状优势效应。被试为天津师范大学本科生60名。仪器为pentium lll高分辨率计算机．程序用E-prime心理实验软件系统编制而成。在实验1中,用信号检测论技术发现．当启动图形呈现时间为20ms时．被试是不能觉知到该图形的。在实验2和3中．被试的任务分别是判断图形的形状和颜色,用MANOVA分析启动图形对靶图形的启动效应时发现．启动图形的颜色线索不会影响靶图形的形状判断,但启动图形的形状线索却能抑制或促进靶图形的颜色判断。实验证据提示．在判断物体整体特征时,无意识知觉具有形状优势效应。     

客体和空间工作记忆中三维图形的特征加工时程

采用单探测变化觉察范式，对三维图形的特征在客体和空间工作记忆中的加工时程进行了探讨。实验一的材料是由不同颜色和形状组成的规则立体图形。实验二的材料是由不同颜色和图案组成的六棱柱。实验结果显示：（1）客体和空间工作记忆绩效均随识记项目数的增加而显著下降；（2）随着刺激呈现时间的延长，客体工作记忆绩效显著提高，空间工作记忆绩效无明显增加；且在三种呈现时间条件下，空间工作记忆绩效均高于客体工作记忆；（3）三维图形中颜色特征的检测绩效优于形状、图案和特征捆绑。这些结果表明，视觉工作记忆中三维图形的特征加工存在显著的时程效应，空间位置加工最早完成，其次是颜色加工，然后是形状与颜色-形状的捆绑，最后是图案与颜色-图案的捆绑。     

视听材料的时间交错在形成双重传导联系上的作用

本研究报道了一项在诸如电影,电视等视听觉双重传导情况下,视听材料的时间交错在形成联系上的作用的实验研究。给14组大学生呈现30分钟的电影。电影介绍了一套自动工具,包括它的组成部分,部分的名称及关于工具的一些用途。电影的视听成分可能是同时呈现,也可能是相继呈现。每组被试分别以7种呈现形式中的一种来观看电影:视觉比听觉提前21秒、14秒、7秒呈现;视听同时呈现;或者听觉比视觉提前7秒、14秒、21秒呈现。然后,要求被试     

图形项目记忆与位置来源提取的ERP研究

采用事件相关电位（ERP）方法研究大学生图形项目记忆与位置来源提取新/旧效应的时、空分布特征。学习屏幕左侧（或右侧）呈现的图形后在屏幕中央呈现某一测验项目（已学图形或新图形）,对受试者进行两类测验：其一是判断该项目是否已学过;其二是将从某侧学过的测验项目判断为目标,而将其它测验项目判断为非目标的来源测验（排除任务）。实验结果表明：图形位置来源提取比项目再认新/旧效应的头皮分布更广,持续时程更长;与前人相同实验范式的研究结果相比,本研究位置来源提取效应的头皮分布范围较广;非目标-旧图形与目标图形新/旧效应的头皮激活程度不同。上述结果说明：图形位置来源提取比项目再认激活的大脑区域更多,这与双重加工模型的观点一致;实验范式和来源知觉的特性共同调节来源记忆新/旧效应的时、空分布特征;意识水平对来源信息提取的新/旧效应存在一定的影响     

A COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF REINFORCER IDENTIFICATION PROCESSES FOR PERSONS WITH PROFOUND MULTIPLE HANDICAPS

We evaluated comprehensively a preference assessment for identifying reinforcers for persons with profound multiple handicaps. Four experiments were conducted involving 18 individuals. Results of Experiment 1 replicated previous findings in that the assessment identified student preferences for respective stimuli, and caregiver opinion of preferences did not coincide with the systematic assessment. Results of Experiment 2 indicated highly preferred stimuli were likely to function as reinforcers in training programs, whereas stimuli not highly preferred did not function as reinforcers. Results of Experiment 3 suggested the 12 stimuli used in the assessment represented a comprehensive stimulus set for identifying preferences, although the utility of the set sometimes could be enhanced by caregiver opinion. Results of Experiment 4 indicated the assessment identified preferences likely to be maintained over time. Overall, results are discussed in terms of identifying limits and alternatives to a behavioral teaching technology when applied to persons with profound multiple handicaps.     

Immediate emotion-enhanced memory dependent on arousal and valence: The role of automatic and controlled processing

The phenomenon that emotional stimuli are better remembered than neutral ones is called emotion-enhanced memory (EEM). Previous studies have shown that both valence and arousal of stimuli contributed to EEM. Kensinger and Corkin (2004) proposed that the EEM dependent on arousal was associated with automatic encoding processes, whereas the EEM dependent on valence was associated with controlled encoding processes. Their experiment with negative words provided some evidence for this associative pattern. However, it is unclear whether the observed association that occurred with negative emotional stimuli could be replicated with positive emotional stimuli. To further examine this issue, two experiments were conducted to investigate the immediate EEM of emotional words in three different attention conditions using a divided attention (DA) paradigm. Results indicated that the immediate EEM dependent on valence was associated with controlled processing, while the immediate EEM dependent on arousal was not always associated with automatic processing. The immediate EEM dependent on arousal for negative stimuli was associated with automatic processing, whereas the immediate EEM dependent on arousal for positive stimuli was associated with controlled processing. Therefore, the immediate EEM dependent on arousal, whether it is associated with automatic or controlled processing, is moderated by the valence of stimuli.     

A sample-to-disk system for psychomusical research

A hardware-and-software system is described that permits musical-bandwidth signal quantization, monophonic or stereophonic, direct to/from hard disk. The system, which uses an IBM AT or compatible, is cost effective and device independent. Software functions allow for automated aural and graphical signal analyses. Perceptual experiments that use contextual, natural-instrument stimuli, and that take advantage of the immediate and random access provided by this system, are described.     

EVALUATION OF A TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING SUBJECTIVE SIMILARITY

The purpose was to develop and test a scaling technique simple enough to be useful in developmental studies. The basic assumption was that consistent quantitative judgments can be obtained from children when the task is simply to place two stimuli in such a way that their spatial proximity corresponds to their subjective similarity. Children as young as six years were able to carry out the task consistently. The reliability of the technique was quite high with simple material and appeared satisfactory even when complex stimuli were scaled. Methods for analyzing the results are discussed. Factorization of the proximity matrices yielded the expected dimensions. Some pilot experiments are reported illustrating the use of the technique with complex stimulus materials.     

Response selection in choice reaction time: Test of a buffer model

Two experiments were conducted to test a buffer model of response selection. Subjects reacted to the onset of one of six possible visual stimuli by pressing either a left- or a right-hand key. Two stimuli were assigned to one key Itwo-item set) and four stimuli were assigned to the other key flour-item set). An irrelevant monaural tone accompanied the visual stimulus in Experiment 1 but not in Experiment 2. Results of Experiment 1 showed that reactions were faster when the location of the tone corresponded with the response than when it did not, and the difference between these corresponding and noncorresponding conditions was greater for the two-item set than for the four-item set. Results supported the notion that the response selection process involved a serial self-terminating search of response buffers and that the tone determined the buffer searched first. In both experiments, reactions were faster to stimuli from the twoitem set than to stimuli from the four-item set     

EXPERIMENTS IN A COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH CENTER: INCREASING CLIENT PAYMENTS FOR OUTPATIENT SERVICES

Although public health care systems often depend on revenue generated from client payment for services, inadequate agency fee payment systems continue to create substantial administrative problems. The first study examined the effects of implementing a system for producing and maintaining routine client fee payment. The second study was a replication of the first study. The Credit Criterion System was designed to: (a) allow clients to establish intra-agency credit by paying cash for each of the first three visits; and (b) pay for services monthly after credit was established. The system resulted in a baseline collection rate of 20%, compared with the Credit Criterion rate of 96.6%. The Credit Criterion System did not create additional administrative costs and it had no effect on attendance. Thus, the Credit Criterion System appears to be a reasonable set of procedures for allowing clients to meet their financial obligations to an agency.     

Pairs of Latin squares that produce digram-balanced Greco-Latin designs: A BASIC program

It is possible to create pairs of Latin squares that are digram balanced (in other words, that counterbalance immediate sequential effects) in a Greco-Latin design. A behavioral researcher can use these squares to design an efficient, well-balanced study without relying on chance. Researchers can apply these squares to any experiment in which they must pair conditions with different stimuli in a within-subject design. For experiments with a large number of conditions, however, the procedure is very time-consuming if done manually. A BASIC program is described that generates the correct pairs of squares for experiments with as many as 80 conditions.     

Recency effects in delayed recall of mouthed stimuli

Auditory presentation leads to greater recency effects in recall than does visual presentation. This phenomenon (the modality effect) is found in both free and serial recall and in both immediate and delayed recall. Silent mouthing of visually presented stimuli also leads to enhanced recency effects in immediate serial recall. Two experiments reported here extend the generality of the mouthing effect by demonstrating that enhanced recency effects of mouthed stimuli occur in delayed serial and free recall. These results are inconsistent with theories that attribute the modality effect to a purely auditory sensory memory.     

THOUGHT EXPERIMENTS

Abstract: This article seeks to explain how thought experiments work, and also the reasons why they can fail. It is divided into four sections. The first argues that thought experiments in philosophy and science should be treated together. The second examines existing accounts of thought experiments and shows why they are inadequate. The third proposes a better account of thought experiments. According to this account, a thought experimenter manipulates her worldview in accord with the “what if” questions posed by a thought experiment. When all necessary manipulations are carried through, the result is either a consistent model or a contradiction. If a consistent model is achieved, the thought experimenter can conclude that the scenario is possible; if a consistent model cannot be constructed, then the scenario is not possible. The fourth section of the article uses this account to shed light on the circumstances in which thought experiments fail.