The timing of brain events: authors' response to Libet's 'reply'

A commentary in response to B. Libet: 'The timing of brain events: Reply to the "Special Section" in this journal of September 2004, edited by Susan Pockett' ().     

执行控制：一个具有广阔理论前途

面对千变万化的世界,我们需要实施计划行为、形成推理、解决问题、同时完成多项任务、适应新的环境和遵守社会规范。而要做到这些,我们必须随时监控外部世界和内心活动,排除或抑制无关信息的干扰,选择必要的信息输入,并从长时记忆中提取有关信息,对这些     

Prescribing Psychologists in Integrated Primary Care: Introduction to the Special Section

The authority to prescribe could differentiate psychologists from other non-physicians in primary care, achieving a significant step for the growth of our profession. Psychologists are currently prescribing in primary care settings in a number of public service venues, as well as medical school training facilities. In this Special Section of the Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, results of a survey of physicians working with a prescribing psychologist indicate that the psychologist is highly valued and seen as a competent prescriber. A series of papers providing case examples demonstrate how psychologists are evolving in these new clinical roles, as well as participating in behavioral and psychopharmacology training of primary care physicians.     

The course of human events: predicting the timing of primate neural development

A recent model of the timing in which neural developmental events occur in a variety of mammals has shown high predictability of the order and duration of these events across species when appropriately computed. The model, originally derived to study the developmental mechanisms of evolutionary change in the nervous system, is adapted in this paper to predict the course of those events in the developing human, a sequence that has been difficult to determine using non‐invasive neuroanatomical techniques. Using a modified version of our original regression model, we generate predicted times of occurrence for a large number of developmental events in the human embryo and fetus, and include a chart of comparable events for macaque monkeys. We discuss a bidirectional variability in the original model which allowed us to identify limbic and cortical primate neural events that are significantly deviant from the general mammalian norm, but which also proved predictable following modification. We test the modified model against empirically derived values for neural events not included in the original model, as well as through comparisons with human developmental sequences inferred by other methods. In view of the remarkable stability in the course of development across species, knowledge of the timing of human neural events need not be entirely restricted to the limited existent embryonic and infant data. Although the primate neural development sequence is somewhat more complex than that for other mammals, primate data continue to support a theory of developmental conservation across evolution.     

Peer Victimization and Adjustment in Young Adulthood: Introduction to the Special Section

A substantive number of children and adolescents are bullied by their peers, with serious risks for the victims’ emotional, behavioral, physical, and academic adjustment. However, while the immediate and short-term consequences of peer victimization in childhood and adolescence are very well documented, knowledge about the potential long-term consequences for victims’ functioning once they reach adulthood is only slowly emerging. Based on prospective, longitudinal data from different countries, the 4 papers in this special section investigate the association between peer victimization suffered in childhood and adolescence and victims’ developmental outcomes in late adolescence/early adulthood. This introduction highlights the major findings of each paper and discusses the implications for future research.     

The myth of "ecological dyslexia": a reply to Pontius (1984)

Ways in which Pontius' rejoinder to the criticisms raised earlier about her 1982 study of white and Aboriginal Australians fall short of success are enumerated.     

The timing of major life events: Effects of departing from the social clock

It is widely believed that social norms govern the timing of major life events, such that events experienced off time are considerably more stressful than events experienced on time. Experiencing life events either earlier or later than one's peers presumably reduces opportunities for social support and may also invite social disapproval. Relatively few empirical studies have investigated these ideas, however, and those that have suffer from several limitations. The present study made use of a general population survey to investigate the effects of normative versus nonnormative timing of major life events on psychological functioning, interpersonal resources, and interpersonal tensions. Desirable and undesirable events were examined separately, as were the effects of departures from perceived versus statistical age norms. The results of the study offered only limited support for social clock theory. Implications for further research and for the relevance of the theory in a less age-differentiated society are discussed.     

The interpretation of Libet's results on the timing of conscious events: a commentary

A commentary on articles by Klein, Pockett, and Trevena and Miller, in this issue, is given. Average shift in the point of subjective equality (PSE), calculated by Klein on Libet's data, and corresponding change in mean shift, calculated by Libet et al. (1983), may be "corrected," taking as a reference point the end of the minimum train duration. Values obtained, if significant, indicate a latency for conscious sensation of the skin stimulus of at least 230 ms. Pockett's main conclusions are favored, but her explanation of peripheral-lemniscal couplings is found to be unconvincing. Trevena and Miller's article unsuccessfully tries to rescue a dualist interactionist view. Libet's method of timing intentions is thoroughly criticized.     

The Narrative Arc of TATs: Introduction to the JPA Special Section on Thematic Apperceptive Techniques

The past decade has seen important developments in thematic apperceptive techniques (TATs), with the creation of new card sets having alternate pictures representing different cultures, new scoring systems becoming available, and increasing international communication of these achievements. However, continuing impediments to the development of a validational literature include lingering mistaken assumptions about the nature of story data, ongoing debates about appropriate psychometric evaluation, and continuing questions about how stimuli and scoring systems should be conceptualized and interpreted. Negotiating the publication system can impede some potential authors. Excellent work on TATs with children is not well known in the adult-focused journals. The labor burden of meeting increasingly sophisticated publication standards might be a barrier to assessors focused on clinical practice. Accumulating a focused evidence base is challenging given the diversity of criterion variables for which TATs have been used. Research on TATs by clinicians can span the science–practice gap, but the narrative arc can be a dramatic one. The articles in this special section on TATs represent important conceptual, methodological, and substantive innovations.     

Professionalism,Ethics, and Value‐Based Conflicts in Counseling: An Introduction to the Special Section

This introduction to this special section of the Journal of Counseling & Development explores the importance of a code of ethics to the establishment and maintenance of a profession. Recognizing a code of ethics as a communication of a profession's collective values and expectations, the editors of this special section acknowledge the dilemmas that arise when a counselor's personal values do not align with the profession's collective values. The authors of each article address value‐based conflicts in counseling.