漫画认知发展特点的研究

对小学三年级至大学一年级五个年级的200名被试进行了测验,以考查被试的漫画认知的发展特点.研究结果表明:(1)各年级被试对漫画的认知具有明显的年龄特征,存在两个快速发展期,即三至五年级(9—12岁),初二至高二(14—18岁);(2)漫画认知在性别上略有差异,但就各年级而言差异不显著.     

老年人日常认知研究评述

日常认知一直是临床心理学家和老年心理学家关注的重点之一, 日常认知的研究主要集中于概念、评估方法和工具、日常认知与智力和执行功能的关系以及相关的干预训练等方面。日常认知概念的深化和相应评估工具的出现, 推动了日常认知研究的深入发展：一方面研究者通过寻找对日常认知有重要作用的基本认知变量, 探究日常认知与智力的关系; 另一方面, 与日常认知有关的训练项目的开发也一直是研究者和老年群体关注的话题, 现有的训练研究提供了很多有启发性的结果。日常认知是老年人身心健康的重要影响因素, 对于保持或提高老年人的生活质量非常重要。     

Demarcating the Realm of Cognition

The Extended Mind Hypothesis has given rise to stimulating philosophical debates about the boundaries of the realm of the cognitive. This paper first investigates the usefulness of a “mark of the cognitive,” and then focuses on two accounts that aim to provide such a mark, put forward by Fred Adams and Rebecca Garrison on one side and Mark Rowlands on the other. The paper provides a critical assessment of these accounts and uses empirical work on emotion regulation in infants to unearth some crucial challenges that any attempt at offering a mark of the cognitive should address.     

Kant on the Content of Cognition

I present an argument for an interpretation of Kant's views on the nature of the ‘content [Inhalt]’ of ‘cognition [Erkenntnis]’. In contrast to one of the longest standing interpretations of Kant's views on cognitive content, which ascribes to Kant a straightforwardly psychologistic understanding of content, and in contrast as well to the more recently influential reading of Kant put forward by McDowell and others, according to which Kant embraces a version of Russellianism, I argue that Kant's views on this topic are of a much more Fregean bent than has traditionally been admitted or appreciated. I conclude by providing a sketch of how a better grasp of Kant's views on cognitive content in general can help bring into sharper relief what is, and what is not, at stake in the recent debates over whether Kant accepts a particular kind of cognitive content—namely, non‐conceptual content.     

Cognition in the bisection task

Bisecting a visually presented stimulus is a sensitive test for attentional and motor biases in both healthy and brain-damaged participants. There are, in addition, perceptual effects on performance and several idiosyncratic biases. Experiments that manipulated the stimulus attributes have suggested that higher-level cognitive processes can also influence bisection accuracy. These observations encourage a wider diagnostic use of the bisection procedure.     

语言对认知的影响—— 基于双语认知“优势效应”的分析

双语认知优势效应不仅在言语领域有所表现, 更主要的体现在以认知控制、注意选择、心理抑制能力为基础的非言语认知领域。影响该效应出现的因素是多方面的, 第二语言获得年龄和双语熟练程度是其中两个最为重要的因素。研究发现, 双语表征和产生机制是导致双语认知优势效应的语言学机制, 而以Broca语言区为核心的大脑前额叶则是其主要的神经基础。未来该领域的研究不仅要进一步关注双语认知优势效应产生的内在言语机制和神经基础, 还应当积极关注双语认知和个体情绪、人格发展的关系。     

组织政治认知对员工行为的影响

组织政治是组织生活的现实反映,是一种普遍现象,员工对组织政治现象的认知对其行为、态度有诸多的不利影响。本研究运用自行研制的组织政治认知调查问卷,通过对29家企业共1647名员工的调查,探讨了在中国文化背景下员工的组织政治认知的结果变量,可望为各类组织的人力资源管理实践提供理论依据。     

认知研究的现象学趋向

关于认知的研究,从心理学进展来看,20世纪70年代占主导性地位的是认知主义(cogni-tivism),或称为符号的研究定向;80年代兴起了联结主义(connectionnism),或称为网络的研究定向,它是以神经的网络加工系统为理论基础的,或者说是通过脑的生物活动来类比人的认知活动。认知心理学以其丰富的实验成果迅速改变着心理学的面貌,但与此同时也遭到诸多批判。这些批判主要反映在对其方法论的否定。美国心理学家汤普森认为,认知心理学的个体主义方法论把一切都还原为个人的认知活动,现实的行为被看成是个体的认知操作,而不是社会和历史构造的产物。[1]这…     

Cognition of Being in the Peak Experiences

Two samples, one gifted, the other “normal,” of 30 children each (11 to 13 years of age) were matched on age, sex, race, and father's occupation. A parent of each child completed the Children's Behavioral Classification Project instrument, and a profile of 30 scaled scores was obtained for each protocol. A discriminant analysis on the basis of the profiles classified 50 of the 60 Ss correctly into their respective sample category, either gifted or normal. Though the results of a multivariate analysis of variance showed no significant differences between the groups when the 30 profile factors were viewed as a whole, univariate analyses on the separate factors yielded significant group differences on several related factors. These were interpreted with caution. Additional factors displayed significant sex differences and one demonstrated a group-by-sex interaction effect.

Coefficients of pattern similarity (the r_p ) were computed among all pairs of the 60 Ss. An unweighted average linkage cluster analysis grouped 34 of the 60 Ss into six clusters which accounted for 26 of 30 possible gifted children.

After an item analysis was performed on the original data, a 42 item subscale of the CBCP questionnaire was constructed which correctly classified 31 of 40 individuals in a cross-validation sample.     

社会认知与同感现象学

社会认知主要围绕"理论理论"与"模仿理论"两个经典模型来解释人际间的理解。这一主流框架既包含重要的洞见,也隐含着成问题的理论预设。同感现象学及其当代的代表"直接感知理论"对上述框架提出挑战,认为他人认知的起点不是认知者的理论推理或者心智模仿,应该回溯到认知者初始的感知经验,认为感知是通达关于他人心智生活的一种不可或缺的方式。     

Children's Cognition as the Foundation of Spirituality

The theory offered in this article articulates the position that the cognitive skills manifested by children are those which are necessary preconditions for spirituality. I argue that psychological theories that posit a hierarchical stage theory of cognition and affect are grounded on premises, which devalue these skills. Theories of children's spirituality have foundered in their ability to appreciate that children's cognition is organized through structures that are quintessential to spirituality, due to their misplaced reliance on these theories. I offer a critique of traditional psychological approaches and an alternative model of children's cognition, which reveals that the cognitive capacities of children are essential to the phenomenology of spirituality.     

Cognition as the Cooperative Appropriation of Affordances

Michaels (2000) expressed concerns about the implications of the notion of 2 visual systems (Milner &; Goodale, 1995) for ecological psychology. This leads her to suggest a decoupling of perception and action, by which action is separate from perception. It is suggested that although Michaels noted, on the one hand, that Milner and Goodale's approach to perception is a constructivist one, she mistakenly adopts their view that separates vision for perception from vision for action. An alternative position is presented, based on a recent article (Norman, in press), in which the parallels between the 2 visual systems, dorsal and ventral, and the 2 theoretical approaches, ecological and constructivist, are elucidated. According to this dual-process approach to perception, both systems are perceptual systems. The ecological-dorsal system is the system that picks up information about the ambient environment allowing the organism to negotiate it. It is suggested that this type of perception always processes the relevant information for action and that there is no need to sever the perception-action coupling. Ecological psychology and the 2 visual systems are quite compatible, and there is no need for concern.     

道德认知辨析及其能力养成

对道德认知理解的偏窄 ,在一定程度上导致了受教育者道德认知能力的钝化。道德认知能力的养成不能只企求于教育者的单向道德灌输 ,还需要从变革道德教育理念的高度对道德教育的内容、方法及主客体关系进行系统的梳理和完善。