A comparative study of personality in Ugandan and English subjects

Nine hundred and twenty-one males and 555 females in Uganda completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Indices of factor comparison indicated that the personality dimensions of P, E, N and L were virtually identical in Uganda and England. Some item changes were required to establish satisfactory reliabilities (alpha) for all factors. Sex differences revealed that males scored higher than females on E but lower on N, which is the usual finding. Strikingly, however, there was no sex difference for P and L, there being, in fact, a very slight tendency for females to score above males on P and below them on L. Cross-cultural comparisons, using only items both Ugandan and English scoring keys had in common, showed Ugandan Ss to score higher on L than their English counterparts, Ugandan males also scoring higher on E and N and Ugandan females scoring higher on P.     

An item-factor analysis of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (E.P.Q.): Will the real personality factors stand up

The study utilised responses to the E.P.Q. from 3 samples of subjects. An initial sample of 239 Independent Study Students, a second sample of 278 student and pupil nurses and an aggregate sample of 617 students of both types. The samples were subjected to principal components analyses followed by varimax and promax rotations. Scree Test, number of significant loadings, replicability across samples and sexes, factor reliability and factor replicability were used as criterion measures to determine the number of real factors present. Nearly all the N, E and L-items were recovered in the analyses of each of the samples. In the two smaller samples, insufficient items were retrieved to indicate the presence of a clear psychoticism factor, but in the aggregate sample one factor contained 19 of the 25 P-items. Scree Test, numbers of significant loadings, replicability over samples and factor reliability criteria indicated that either a 4- or 5-factor solution was a valid possibility. Application of the criterion of factor replicability, using factor comparability coefficients based on factor scores, revealed an exceptionally clear 4-factor structure which was also replicable across sexes. The effects of dissimulation were investigated by dichotomising the male and female samples by L-scores. In both cases the mean scores for P and N for the low L-score group were higher than the corresponding mean scores for the high L-score group, which supports a previous finding that dissimulation tends to artificially lower the P and N-scores. Examination of the effect of dissimulation on the factor structure showed that E and N came out equally clearly in the high and low L-score groups for both males and females. P came out more clearly in the low L-score group for males and in the high L-score group for females, the latter finding being contrary to that of other authors. The investigation confirmed the presence of 4 “real”, replicable factors of P, E, N and L at the first order, showed that P and N are sensitive to dissimulation and illustrated the effectiveness of using factor replicability, measured by factor comparability coefficients based on factor scores, to determine the number of “real” factors in an analysis.     

Systematic Changes in Families Following Prevention Trials

A selective prevention design was applied to 238 recently separated families. Of these, 153 mothers randomly assigned to the experimental (E) group participated in 14 group sessions focused on Parent Management Treatment (PMT). Prior analyses showed that, over time, the group of families in the untreated group deteriorated in both parenting practices and in child outcomes. In keeping with the classic prevention pattern, families in the E group showed modest improvements in parenting and in child outcomes. Improvements in parenting were associated with significant reductions in problem behavior. The data showed that those mothers who improved their parenting skills during the first 12 months also showed significant reductions in maternal depression during that same interval. A cross-lagged panel analysis showed that a reduction in maternal depression during the first year of the study was a significant predictor of maintenance or improvements over the next 18 months. The findings are consistent with the concept of the family as a system.     

Premenstrual tension and personality

The premenstrual symptomalogy (PMT) of 165 students of nursing and midwifery was studied and their personality was assessed using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Thirty-four per cent of the Ss showed severe and 42% moderate PMT symptomatology. Ss with severe PMT symptomatology gave significantly higher scores in the neuroticism scale of the EPQ. Abdominal and pelvic pain as well as low back pain, i.e. symptoms of dysmenorrhoea, did not correlate with high neuroticism scores.     

A psychometric investigation of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.

The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was administered to 139 females and 123 males. Scale statistics were obtained and hierachial factor analyses were performed. The P scale was found to have low internal consistency reliabilities and to covary with the L scale in the female subsample. Factor analyses showed recovery of E scale items in a secondary factor, Social Extraversion, without an impulsivity primary factor. No P and N dimensions recovered; rather components of each scale interrelated in two meaningful dimensions at the tertiary level.     

Rorschach Responses and Aggressive Characteristics of MMPI F>16 Scorers

Psychiatric patients with MMPI F>16 scores (E group) were matched with patients having similar diagnosis but F scores of 3-12 (C group) to assess personality characteristics of high F scorers. In Experiment I, E and C group Rorschachs showed no significant differences on formal scored characteristics. E group patients marked a significantly greater number of “obvious” than “subtle” MMPI items. In Experiment II, there was no significant E and C group difference in Rorschach aggressive content. Data from the hospital charts indicated that F>16 scorers had a significantly higher frequency of overt, actively directed anger and suicidal behavior plus a greater total incidence of hostile behavior across a variety of categories.     

The effect of testing instructions for handling social desirability on the Eysenck personality questionnaire

The Hebrew version of the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R) was administered to two groups. One group was given special ‘feedback’ instructions intended to make subjects aware of the extent of their distortions due to responding in a socially desirable direction, and of the possibility of detection of such distortions. The other group was given ordinary standard instructions. There was a substantial change in the mean of the Lie (L) scale, a moderate change in the Neuroticism (N) scale and no significant change in the mean of the Extraversion (E) and Psychoticism (P) scales. The reliability estimates and factor pattern showed a marked improvement of the P scale and some improvement of the N and L scales, and no effect on the E scale.     

Cross-cultural comparison of personality: Norway and England

Three hundred and seventy-seven male and 425 female Norwegian subjects completed the translated Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Factor comparisons all exceeded 0.97, so that the factors of Psychoticism (P), Extraversion (E), Neuroticism (N) and Social Desirability or Lie Scale (L) can be considered to be identical with those found in England. Sex differences were the usual, i.e. males scored higher that females on P and E but lower on N and L. Cross-cultural comparisons found no statistical differences between the personality scores of the two countries, except on Neuroticism, with both Norwegian sexes scoring significantly lower than their English counterparts. A slight tendency for Norwegian males to score lower on Social Desirability was detected.     

Deliberate self-harm,clinical history and extreme scoring on the EPQ

Two hundred consecutive admissions to an inpatient psychiatric unit were assessed on the EPQ following recovery from the disturbance for which they were hospitalized. Case-history data was also checked for these patients and extended by using a clinical-history structured interview, also administered within 1 week of discharge. Results showed that for males, high P and high N was associated with a history of deliberate self-harm (DSH) by mutilation. High N was also associated with parental violence. In females, both low E and high N were associated with a history of self-mutilation. High N scores were also more likely to have appeared in court, and high P females were more likely to have a history of bedwetting and of parental violence.None of the associations between extreme scoring on the EPQ and self-mutilation were found for DSH by overdose.     

神经症患者的人格特征与父母教养方式的关系

本文采用父母教养方式评价量表 (EMBU)和艾森克人格问卷 (EPQ)对 40名住院神经症患者进行了测查 ,结果发现艾森克人格问卷所测查的四种人格维度 E(内、外向 )、L (掩饰或社会性幼稚水平 )、N(神经质 )和 P(精神质或倔强、讲求实际 )得分分别与不良的父母教养方式如严厉惩罚、过度干涉和过分保护、拒绝与否认以及偏爱被试等因子分呈显著的相关关系。     

Differences in Imagery Content and Imagery Ability Between High and Low Confident Track and Field Athletes

The purpose of this research was to examine how high and low trait sport confident track and field athletes differed in their imagery content and imagery ability. NCAA Division I track and field athletes ( M age = 20.5 +/- 1.61 years; M = 7.15 +/- 3.3 years experience; N = 111, 44 males and 67 females) completed the following measures: Trait Sport Confidence Inventory (TSCI), Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ), and Movement Imagery Questionnaire - Revised (MIQ-R). Profile analyses revealed that high trait sport confident athletes utilized each category of imagery (Motivational General - Mastery, Motivational General - Arousal, Motivational Specific, Cognitive General, and Cognitive Specific) significantly more than low trait sport confident athletes. No significant differences emerged between the groups on the two imagery ability scales. The results suggest that the high confident athletes used more imagery, but they did not have higher imagery skills than low confident athletes.     

Personality and belief in Capital Punishment: a replication and extension

Male and female Canadian undergraduates identified as high or low on Extraversion and Psychoticism on the basis of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire completed the Questionnaire on Capital Punishment. In a replication of a previous study, males and extraverts reported more favourable attitudes towards Capital Punishment than females and introverts. In contrast, there were no significant differences in attitude between subjects classified as high and low on Psychoticism, a result which may be due to the difficulty of finding normal subjects with absolutely high scores on this trait.     

青少年反应性攻击和结果评价的ERPs研究：基于自我控制资源的视角

采用竞争反应时任务并结合ERPs技术,以39名高中生为有效被试,从自我控制资源的视角揭示青少年反应性攻击和结果评价的电生理机制。行为结果发现：高自我损耗者比低自我损耗者表现出更多攻击行为;ERPs结果发现：(1) 在攻击决策阶段,高自我损耗者前脑区域所诱发的P2波幅显著高于低自我损耗者;(2) 在结果评价阶段,“输”反馈比“赢”反馈诱发更负的FRN成分,且仅在“输”反馈条件下,高自我损耗者比低自我损耗者所诱发的FRN更负。从一定程度上说明自我损耗是导致青少年反应性攻击行为的重要原因,高自我损耗会加剧反应性攻击行为的发生。     

Personality, event-related potential (ERP) and heart rate (HR): An investigation of Gray's theory

Following Gray's theory of personality, the aim of the study was to examine the role of the personality dimensions, behavioural inhibition and activation, in mediating event-related potentials (ERPs) and the level of anticipatory heart rate (HR) deceleration response during two visual-stimulus recognition tasks. In the first task ERPs and anticipatory HR changes were elicited by feedback words informing the subjects about the quality of their response (‘correct’, ‘incorrect’). In the second task ERPs and HR responses were elicited from 62 women by feedback words (‘losing’, ‘winning’) indicating losing or winning, of amounts of money. The Gray-Wilson Personality Questionnaire (GWPQ), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and the I₇ questionnaire were used to measure variables which refer to the function of the activation and inhibition system. The N200, P300, N400, P650 and N800 peak amplitudes of the ERPs and the level of anticipatory HR deceleration response to the feedback signals were measured. Personality and physiological responses were first analysed by using a split-plot ANOVA design and second by examining multiple relationships with factor analysis. Separate ANOVAs were performed across Ss selected from the total group (n = 62) on the basis of extreme scores (high or low) on Approach (APPR), Passive Avoidance (PASS.AV), Extinction (EXTI), Extraversion (E), Neuroticism (N) and Impulsiveness (I). In line with Gray's prediction, high APPR Ss exhibited larger P600 peak amplitudes to signals indicating winning and low APPR Ss exhibited larger P600 amplitudes to signals indicating losing. Neurotic Ss produced larger N800 peak amplitudes to stimuli indicating losing as compared with stimuli indicating winning. Stable Ss, in contrast, did not display differences between feedback stimuli. Heart-rate deceleration response to feedback signals was successful in distinguishing high and low N Ss as well as Introverts and Extraverts. Neurotic Ss, compared with Stable ones, showed a more pronounced anticipatory HR slowing for both of the feedback signals. Introverts displayed more pronounced HR decelerations for punishment compared with reward signals. Extraverts, in contrast, showed greater HR decelerations for reward compared with punishment signals. These results were all in line with predictions that can be derived from Gray's theory. However, in the opposite direction was the relationship between PASS.AV and N200 peak: High PASS.AV Ss displayed greater N200 peak amplitudes to winning signals compared with signals indicating a correct response. Results from factor analysis gave rise to a three-factor solution wherein personality dimensions sensitive to signals of reward and that sensitive to signals of punishment were loading together with different physiological factors.     

Personality and alcohol dependence

In this study, groups of ‘alcoholic’ subjects were independently rated as to their degree of dependence by a technique previously validated. The two groups of moderately and severely dependent subjects were then given the 101-item EPQ. In keeping with other similar studies, the data suggested that high N, high P and low E in men were related to the Clinical Alcohol Personality. Further analysis of these and other data suggest that whilst raised N scores may be a spurious artefact which is a consequence of heavy alcohol consumption, the E and P findings may reflect stable predispositions. There were no sex differences, but there was a major group difference on P, with both severely dependent men and women scoring significantly higher than their less dependent counterparts.     

成年人某些个性特征的年龄差异研究

采用ＮＥＯ—ＦＦＩ简式对５９３名２０至９４岁成年人进行了个性特征的年龄差异研究。被试分为青年（２０～３９岁）、中年（４０～５９岁）、老年（６０～７４岁）和老老年（７５岁及以上）４组,文化程度均初中以上。结果表明：问卷表再测信度合格,自评与亲友评定间有显著相关;除开放性特征（Ｏ）随增龄下降,即青年组较年长三组更加开放外,神经质（Ｎ）、内外向（Ｅ）、和谐性（Ａ）和认真负责（Ｃ）量表分均无明显年龄差异;两性个性特点比较,女性Ｎ分及Ａ分均明显高于男性;除年龄和性别因素外,健康善对Ｎ、Ｅ、Ｃ分,文化程度对Ｎ和Ｏ分,职业对Ｅ分均有影响。     

Differences between children with attention deficit disorder,children with specific learning disabilities,and normal children

The study investigated the power of five measures to differentiate between children with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), children with Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD), and normal children. The measures employed were the Conners Parent Questionnaire (CPQ), the Conners Teacher Questionnaire (CTQ), the Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT), the Porteus Mazes Test (PMT), and the Jumbled Numbers Game (JNG). The results indicated that the Conners Parent Questionnaire, Conners Teacher Questionnaire, Matching Familiar Figures Test, and the Porteus Mazes Test significantly discriminated between groups. The Conners Questionnaires were able to discriminate between all three groups and the MFFT and PMT were able to discriminate between ADD and normal children. A discriminant analysis indicated that the CPQ was the best predictor of group membership, followed in order by the CTQ PMT, and MFFT.     

Form E of the 16PF and adults with mental retardation: internal consistency and validity.

Form E of the Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16PF-E) was administered to 70 adults (45 men and 25 women) who resided in a public facility for mentally retarded persons. Alpha coefficients were computed for each of 16 primary trait scales. The Intelligence (B), Ego Strength (C), Dominance (E), Superego Strength (G), Parmia (H), Protension (L), Autia (M), Shrewdness (N), Guilt Proneness (O), and Self-Sentiment (Q3) scales exhibited low internal consistency, whereas Premsia (I) and Self-Sufficiency (Q2) evidence relatively higher levels. Personality traits of subjects were also assessed by staff ratings. Ratings were compared to 16PF-E primary and secondary trait scores via correlation coefficients. Results provided virtually no support for the validity of the 16PF-E primary scales and the Exvia, Anxiety, and Cortertia secondary factors as applied to the subject population. Limited support for the validity of the Independence secondary factor was found.     

Form E of the 16PF and Adults With Mental Retardation: Internal Consistency and Validity

Form E of the Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16PF-E) was administered to 70 adults (45 men and 25 women) who resided in a public facility for mentally retarded persons. Alpha coefficients were computed for each of 16 primary trait scales. The intelligence (B), Ego Strength (C), Dominance (E), Superego Strength, (G), Parmia (H), Protension (L), Autia (M), Shrewdness (N), Guilt Proneness (O), and Self-Sentiment (Q[sub 3]) scales, exhibited low internal consistency, whereas Premsia (I) and Self-Sufficiency (Q[sub 2]) evidenced relatively higher levels. Personality traits of subjects were also assessed by staff ratings. Ratings were compared to 16PF-E primary and secondary trait scores via correlation coefficients. Results provided virtually no support for the validity of the 16PF-E primary scales and the Exvia, Anxiety, and Cortertia secondary factors as applied to the subject population. Limited support for the validity of the independence secondary factor was found.