儒学价值的当代理论建构——陈来教授《仁学本体论》出版北大核心CSSCISSCI

冯友兰遗言说“中国哲学将来一定会大放光彩”,在近些年大陆儒学蓬勃发展的过程中,该中国哲学登场了,中国哲学义如何登场,成为学术界热切关注的一个问题。陈来教授的新著《仁学本体论》是对两千多年来仁学思想的综合创新,以儒家式的、中国式的哲学建构,回应了当代儒学以及中国哲学理论建构的时代问题。本书是当代儒学复兴的奠基之作。     

动态的身体:身体—身体化——海德格尔《泽利康讲座》中的身体现象学

海德格尔在《存在与时间》中刻意隐藏了身体问题,这一做法招致了许多人的猜疑与批评:为什么身体问题要被排除在基础存在论分析之外?难道身体问题在《存在与时间》这本著作中根本不值得考虑?从1959年到1969年间,海德格尔在瑞士泽利康(Zollikon)做了一系列讲座,集中处理了身体问题。通过对这些文本的解读,我们发现身体问题在《存在与时间》中并非不重要,只是对这一问题的解决总是被一个重大困难所牵绊,这个困难就是存在问题与身体问题之间的张力。在讲座中,海德格尔颠倒了胡塞尔身体现象学中的两个重要观点,即在谈论空间性时,他颠倒了这里的优先性;在谈论身体性时,他颠倒了触觉的首要性。在这一基础上,海德格尔提出了一种动态的身体概念:身体化。     

冯友兰先生的《中国哲学史》:"同情之了解"与新儒学

冯友兰先生先以中国哲学史家名于世。两卷本《中国哲学史》是其成名的代表作。《中国哲学史》有很多特点,其中最主要的即是"同情之了解"与"新儒学"。"同情之了解"不仅是冯先生成功写作《中国哲学史》的原则和方法,而且也是我们今后弘扬中国优秀传统文化所不可或缺的原则与方法。冯先生后来又成了一位著名的新儒家。作为中国现代学术思潮中新儒家的一位典型代表,冯先生本人以及一般论者都公认为应以其"贞元六书"的"新理学"哲学体系为代表。文章赞同这个共识,但想补充一点,即广而言之,似乎也可以包括冯先生所著的两卷本《中国哲学史》在内。文章从其目录、内容、审查、批评、自觉与自白和"贞元六书"多方面进行了探索与论述。     

儒学在思考——"国际儒学论坛·2007:儒家文化与经济发展"学术研讨会综述

2007年12月1～2日,由中国人民大学和韩国高等教育财团主办,中国人民大学孔子研究院、中国人民大学亚洲研究中心、中国人民大学哲学院等单位承办的"国际儒学论坛·2007:儒家文化与经济发展"学术研讨会在中国人民大学隆重召开.     

东亚儒家思想传统中的四种“身体”:类型与议题

东亚儒家思想传统所见的四种“身体”:作为政治权力展现场所的身体;作为社会规范展现场所的身体;作为精神修养展现场所的身体;作为隐喻的身体。在东亚儒家思想中,“身体”在空间上处于社会政治脉络之中,并在时间上受到历史经验的召唤与洗礼,因此而成为一种既是理性又是感性的主体。“身体”有其不完整性,但是从不完整臻于完整之关键则在于“气”。在东亚儒学中,“身”与“心”虽具有互相依存性,但仍以“心”居于首出之地位。     

具身认知:身体主题在心身关系研究中的回归

上世纪80年代以来,随着经典认知研究的步履维艰,认知研究逐渐显示出具身化的特点。具身认知是第二代认知科学的代表,它强调身体在认知形成中的重要性,认为身体对认知有限制、分配和调节作用,并具有与经典认知不同的运动观。近年来研究者们以实验手段力求为具身认知的存在提供证据,着力考察认知与身体感知运动状态的相互影响。具身认知理论在认知构建、生态效度等方面具有自己的优势,但目前具身认知还是一个新兴的研究领域,有待进一步的深入探讨。     

具身认知视角下语义理解中的身体角色:以研究方法为线索

具身认知认为,概念形成和语言理解等高级心理过程本质上是以感知觉和运动经验为基础的。神经影像学研究发现,理解身体动作词激活了支配该部分肢体的感觉运动脑区。理解手部、脚部和面部动作词能够相应激活支配手部、脚部和面部的感觉运动脑区,体现出一种身体动作词语义理解激活的脑区与真实身体动作激活脑区的耦合效应。临床和经颅磁刺激研究结果表明,感觉运动皮层的激活与身体动作词语义处理具有因果性作用。未来研究应关注身体动作词语义理解的具身程度以及相关语言疗法在临床患者机能恢复中所起的作用。     

从“幻影”到“器官”:胡塞尔C手稿中的身体构造学说

自梅洛-庞蒂在《知觉现象学》中对身体所作的卓越分析以来,身体已经成为现象学研究中的核心概念之一。今天,它已经越出了它所从出的领域,正在为人文科学、社会科学乃至自然科学带来新的视角,注入新的动力,例如,我们既可以看到以现象学意义上的身体概念为基础或受其启发     

近世思想传统中的政治正当性理论及其启示:以儒学"洪范模式"为视角

本文以儒学"洪范模式"为视角,考察了近世思想传统中的政治正当性理论.这个思想范型以大法意识为根本基础,其内转趋向使道德精神成为政治秩序的正当性前提.其中包含的两个基本动向--人极意识中的理想人格与守制性则为政治权威提供了直接的正当性理据.这些观念层层转化,互相支持而又存在张力,构成了正当性论述的意义网络.上述模式代表的正当性观念在现代思想演变中仍然有其广泛影响力,特别是道德精神与人极意识的理据,为了解正当性论述的范式转化提供了重要的线索与启示.     

践形与践行——宋明理学中两种不同的工夫系统

践形与践行都是先秦儒家的概念,其具体指谓也非常接近.但到了宋代,自从<大学>被列为"四书"之先后,对<大学>之不同的解释重心与诠释方向终于使践形与践行成为两种不同的工夫系统.前者由"慎独"、"诚意"之"诚于中,形于外"形成了一种纵贯的彰显与全面的实现系统;后者则由知行相须而成为一种横向、平面的落实系统.程朱的"知行相须"就代表着对伦理认知之横向的落实,而阳明的"知行合一"则是以"诚意"的方式扭转、调整知行关系的表现;至于其所屡屡强调的"一个工夫"、"本然如是"等等,都是从"诚意"与"践形"的角度说的,也都是"实诚其意"的表现.而人们在理解"知行合一"上的种种困惑,其实也就来自这两个不同系统的内在张力及其思想谱系的不一致性.     

The Value of Information as Ontological Pluralism

In my paper I will focus my attention on some philosophical aspects of the Information Ethics displayed by Luciano Floridi. Floridi’s Information Ethics has the methodological merit of providing the interpretation of the Informational Turn with a solid philosophical basis, the roots of which deserve a careful investigation. In this perspective, I will analyse a key question, which is essential not only from a theoretical but also from a practical (moral, political and legal) point of view, i.e. whether or not Floridi’s construction of information is consistent with a pluralistic conception of Being.     

Persons as Sui Generis Ontological Kinds: Advice to Exceptionists

Many metaphysicians tell us that our world is one in which persisting objects are four‐dimensionally extended in time, and persist by being partially present at each moment at which they exist. Many normative theorists tell us that at least some of our core normative practices are justified only if the relation that holds between a person at one time, and that person at another time, is the relation of strict identity. If these metaphysicians are right about the nature of our world, and these normative theorists are right about what justifies our normative practices, then we should be error theorists about the justification of at least some of our core normative practices and in turn, arguably we should eliminate those practices for which justification is lacking. This paper offers a way of resolving the tension between these two views that does not lead into the grips of error theory. It is a way that is amenable to “exceptionists” about persons: those who think there is something special about persons and the first‐person perspective; that personhood cannot be explained naturalistically, and the first‐person perspective is naturalistically irreducible. The conclusion is thus a conditional: given that one is an exceptionist, an attractive way to resolve this tension is to embrace the view that persons are sui generis ontological kinds.     

St. Anselm's Ontological Argument as Expressive: A Wittgensteinian Reconstruction

We offer a reading of Anselm's Ontological Argument inspired by Wittgenstein which focuses on the fact that the “argument” occurs in a prayer addressed to God, making it a strange argument since as a prayer it seems to presuppose its conclusion. We reconstruct the argument as expressive. Within the religious perspective, the issues are to be focused on the right object not to present an argument for the existence of God. While this sort of reading lets us understand much about the argument, it also opens new avenues of criticism, one of which is the problem of worship.     

Happiness Revisited: Ontological Well-Being as a Theory-Based Construct of Subjective Well-Being

The current model of subjective well-being (SWB) has been operationalized as the unity of affective and cognitive dimensions concerning the evaluation of one’s life, called emotional well-being and life satisfaction, respectively. There has been no theoretical framework, however, by which the unity is explained. The present paper offers a new construct of subjective well-being in an attempt to show that the cognitive and affective dimensions of SWB can be unified using the concept of goal. The concept of goal refers to the life as a project when the concern is the evaluation of life as a whole. The evaluation of the whole life, moreover, should take a whole-time perspective into account if it is supposed to be ‘whole’. Ontological well-being (OWB) construct is structured in a theoretical framework by which the cognitive and affective components of the current conceptualization of SWB are reframed and interpreted in a whole time perspective. By taking as base the historical and philosophical resources of the affective and cognitive dimensions of subjective well-being, this new construct defines subjective well-being as one’s evaluation of life in both past and future time perspectives in addition to the present.     

Scepticism: Epistemic and Ontological

It is widely thought that sceptical arguments, if correct, would show that everyday empirical knowledge-claims are false. Against this, I argue that the very generality of traditional sceptical arguments means that there is no direct incompatibility between everyday empirical claims and sceptical scenarios. Scepticism calls into doubt, not ordinary empirical beliefs, but philosophical attempts to give a deep ontological explanation of such beliefs. G. E. Moore's attempt to refute scepticism (and idealism) was unsuccessful, because it failed to recognise that philosophical scepticism operates on a different level from that on which we make – or doubt – particular empirical claims. And, as I argue with specific reference to work by Nozick and Fogelin, Moore's basic confusion is still widely shared in contemporary discussions of scepticism.     

Womanhood as Experienced in Childbirth: Psychoanalytic Explorations of the Body

Evaluating data from interviews with 30 first-time mothers predelivery and postdelivery reveals three pertinent themes: fear of bodily damage, immense pride and awe about producing a baby, and circumscribed terms of true womanhood. Data demonstrate an evolving pressure on some women to deliver vaginally without medical intervention or pain medication and to nurse a baby exclusively without formula as a marker of womanhood. Psychoanalytic theorists have explored the unique trajectory of growth from girlhood to womanhood wrestling with the unconscious meanings of pregnancy and motherhood. Not enough focus has been placed on the unconscious meanings of actual childbirth itself. Qualitative data illustrate the current social pressure on women to adhere to an unspoken norm regarding womanhood. This article examines contemporary issues of awe, fear, and performance anxiety reported by childbearing women and evidences a need to augment our understanding of female psychosexual development around unconscious tasks unique to giving birth.