古尔德纳反思的马克思主义意识形态批判理论

如何在批判地吸收和借鉴西方当代语言分析和批判哲学之理论成果的基础上进一步深化和发展马克思主义的意识形态批判理论,是马克思主义理论当代发展中的一个重要课题.本文从对于以往意识形态批判理论的批判性反思、意识形态的话语特征和意识形态理论的本质机制三个方面比较系统地探讨了当代反思的马克思主义理论家阿尔文·古尔德纳在这个课题上的主要探索成果,并基于理性思辨哲学和实践哲学的基本观点对其进行了评价.     

马克思的意识形态批判理论

马克思的意识形态批判理论是历史唯物主义的重要组成部分，也是国内外学术界争论的热点问题，本文探讨的是马克思的意识形态概念，意识形态批判理论的内容：哲学向度和政治经济学向度，以及马克思意识形态批判理论的问题领域。     

内在批判与规范的矛盾:对批判理论批判方法的反思

在批判理论的新近发展中,对批判方法的反思重新成为一项重要议题。该理论的拥护者和反对者都把内在批判视为其核心方法。近年来,该方法的可能性越发遭到广泛质疑。对该方法的质疑,既涉及其基本的理论预设,也涉及其运用问题。首要的和基本的问题是该方法的自洽问题,即具有超越潜力的内在批判如何可能。针对该问题,有两种可能的解决路径,即形式人类学的解决路径和规范的矛盾的解决路径。一种有关规范的矛盾思想能够更好地解决内在批判的自洽问题。它既不否定规范研究的重要性,也不否认否定性经验的建构作用,它能够同时融合两者,充分发挥批判理论的批判作用。     

汉代儒学的意识形态功能分析与批判

儒学在汉代意识形态化而成为一种官方指导思想 ,具有特定的意识形态功能。这从以下三个方面可以看得出来：汉儒以文化守成自任的意识 形态阶层职能的自觉意识,儒学意识形态的合法化功能是在反思与辩护两个层面进行运作的 ,以及它阐明现状的意义和提示行动方向的社会历史功能等。对汉代儒学意识形态功能的分 析与批判,有利于加深我们对于儒学的认识。     

马克思意识形态理论研究述评

本文通过对学术界关于马克思意识形态理论的历史发展阶段、意识形态概念的内涵、意识形态理论的基本特征和本质等四个问题研究状况的探讨与分析,获得以下观点:马克思意识形态理论的历史发展可划分为四个阶段;马克思的意识形态概念是一个否定性概念;马克思意识形态理论的基本特征有虚假性、无意识性和阶级性;马克思意识形态理论的本质是意识形态批判.     

意识形态及其诸形式——詹明信意识形态理论述评

在当前意识形态终结论、历史终结论盛行的情况下,如何结合马克思主义经典文本,从各种不同的意识形态观中总结与疏理马克思主义意识形态理论便成了一项迫切的理论任务。当代美国后现     

批判与建构:特拉西意识形态概念的双重意象

作为当今具有巨大影响又颇具争议的概念,意识形态(ideology)早在《德意志意识形态》文本中得到了系统的阐发。意识形态能够成为政治与学术生活中的通用语,马克思功不可没。但从知识谱系     

意识形态的不同层级——马克思主义的意识形态批判中的认识论问题

人的思维是否具有客观的真理性，这并不是一个理论的问题，而是一个实践的问题。人应该在实践中证明自己思维的真理性，即自己思维的现实性和力量，亦即自己思维的此岸性。关于离开实践的思维是否具有现实性的争论，是一个纯粹经院哲学的问题。     

齐泽克的意识形态论

齐泽克是当代著名的拉康派哲学家、后马克思主义理论家、通俗文化批评家。自1989年他的第一本英文著作《意识形态的崇高客体》出版以来,他的思想对拉康精神分析学、后马克思主义、政治学、     

意识形态的崇高对象:悖论与颠覆

崇高对象是《意识形态的崇高对象》(国内学者将该书译为《意识形态的崇高客体》)一书的关键词。在齐泽克看来,崇高对象概念并不是拉康本人之发明,它来源于康德、黑格尔哲学,并为拉康     

Additive Theories of Rationality: A Critique

Additive theories of rationality, as I use the term, are theories that hold that an account of our capacity to reflect on perceptually‐given reasons for belief and desire‐based reasons for action can begin with an account of what it is to perceive and desire, in terms that do not presuppose any connection to the capacity to reflect on reasons, and then can add an account of the capacity for rational reflection, conceived as an independent capacity to ‘monitor’ and ‘regulate’ our believing‐on‐the‐basis‐of‐perception and our acting‐on‐the‐basis‐of‐desire. I show that a number of recent discussions of human rationality are committed to an additive approach, and I raise two difficulties for this approach, each analogous to a classic problem for Cartesian dualism. The interaction problem concerns how capacities conceived as intrinsically independent of the power of reason can interact with this power in what is intuitively the right way. The unity problem concerns how an additive theorist can explain a rational subject's entitlement to conceive of the animal whose perceptual and desiderative life he or she oversees as ‘I’ rather than ‘it’. I argue that these difficulties motivate a general skepticism about the additive approach, and I sketch an alternative, ‘transformative’ framework in which to think about the cognitive and practical capacities of a rational animal.     

Confucian Ethics and the Critique of Ideology

The debate between Hans-Georg Gadamer and Jürgen Habermas provides a fresh perspective from which Confucian philosophy may be approached. In this paper, focusing on the Lunyu (Analects), I argue that the sayings of Confucius reflect an essentially 'conservative' orientation, finding in tradition a reservoir of insight and truth. There is a critical dimension to it in that ethical reflection and self-cultivation would enable the individual to challenge particular claims of tradition. However, can self-cultivation transcend tradition as a whole and enable the individual to effect radical change? Following the strategy of Habermas' critique of Gadamer, what happens if tradition is systemically corrupt? In this discussion, rather than taking tradition generally I will focus on the concept of ritual (li) to suggest how the Lunyu seeks to crystallise the wisdom of the past into an ethical guide. The conclusion I draw is in the main a Gadamerian one. Committed to a critical appropriation of tradition, Confucian philosophy seeks ethical renewal from within, on the premise that through incremental change self-cultivation can make a real difference in the quest for moral excellence.     

Women's Lives/Feminist Knowledge: Feminist Standpoint as Ideology Critique

Feminist standpoint theory posits feminism as a way of conceptualizing from the vantage point of women's lives. However, in current work on feminist standpoint the material links between lives and knowledges are often not explained. This essay argues that the radical marxist tradition standpoint theory draws on—specifically theories of ideology post-Althusser—offers a systemic mode of reading that can redress this problem and provide the resources to elaborate further feminism's oppositional practice and collective subject.     

Epistemic Instrumentalism and Reasons for Belief: A Reply to Tom Kelly's "Epistemic Rationality as Instrumental Rationality: A Critique"

Tom Kelly argues that instrumentalist accounts of epistemic rationality fail because what a person has reason to believe does not depend upon the content of his or her goals. However, his argument fails to distinguish questions about what the evidence supports from questions about what a person ought to believe . Once these are distinguished, the instrumentalist can avoid Kelly's objections. The paper concludes by sketching what I take to be the most defensible version of the instrumentalist view.     

Some Reflections on William Lane Craig’s Critique of Islam

William Lane Craig has recently formulated a set of arguments that aim to undermine the rationality of Islamic theism. This paper will consider seven arguments that Craig deploys against Muslim belief. The seven arguments can be summarised as follows: (1) the Quran makes an egregious historical error by denying the crucifixion of Jesus; (2) the Quran contains legendary stories about Jesus; (3) the Quran is mistaken about the self‐understanding of Jesus; (4) the Quran misunderstands the Trinity; (5) the Islamic concept of God is morally deficient; (6) the Islamic concept of God is less plausible than a Trinitarian concept of God; and (7) the Muslim doctrine of salvation compromises God’s holiness and proves to be unattainable. I contend that Craig’s arguments, when examined closely, do not undermine the rationality of Islamic theism.     

Historicism and Critique in Herder's Another Philosophy of History: Some Hermeneutic Reflections

In Another Philosophy of History, J.G. Herder claims that his aim is not to compare and judge different cultures, but merely to describe and explain how each came into being and thus to adopt the standpoint of an impartial observer. I argue, however, that there is a tension between Herder's understanding of his own project—his stated doctrine of historicism and cultural relativism—and the way in which it is actually put into practice. That is, despite Herder's stated aims, he is nevertheless unable to avoid justifying premodern forms of life and making context‐transcending evaluative judgments in the process of trying to understand cultures on their own terms and holding them up as exemplars vis à vis the Enlightenment. This tension presents the challenge of accounting for it in the most charitable and illuminating way. I argue that this goal can be achieved by appealing to the resources of the philosophical hermeneutics of Hans‐Georg Gadamer, which enables us to disclose two enabling conditions for Herder's project of which he was not explicitly aware, viz., the internal connection between understanding and justification and the enabling character of prejudice as the condition for the possibility of understanding as such.     

Mary Magdalene: Lover of the Dying and Resurrecting God-Man

Like Isis, Ishtar, and Inanna, Mary Magdalene mourns the death of the god she loves, and when he resurrects, she celebrates his renewal. Through her intense feeling experience of personal and spiritual love, she represents the feminine side of the death and resurrection phenomenon that plays a realizing role in the humanization of the god-image and likewise of individuation.

Although the Judeo-Christian fathers excluded any sign in their orthodoxy that Yahweh and Christ may have had love partners, archeological evidence and Gnostic texts point to the possibility that they did. In our era, with the psychological perspective that C. G. Jung heralded, we can reconsider and integrate the role of the Eros principle that was split off from our god-image, concretized, and banned along with the “evil” of the flesh.

The emergence of Mary Magdalene in popular culture as the “Holy Grail” or vessel of Christ's child reflects the intense yearning in the psyche for the feminine principle to participate in the continuing incarnation of the god-image, and for the divine feminine–masculine partnership to realize itself in personal, human experience.     

Carl Jung's Memories,Dreams, Reflections: A Critique Informed by Postmodernism

This critique of Jung's autobiography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections, looks at the text in light of recent criticism and postmodern developments in psychology. With particular attention to Jung's position on a transcendent God, the omission of significant relationships throughout the work, and the concept of individuation in relation to the Christian notion of vocation, this paper highlights the truths that Jung's autobiography challenges pastoral psychologists and pastoral theologians to integrate into clinical work and professional literature.