诺贝尔生理学或医学奖获得者科学素质分析

通过对诺贝尔生理学或医学奖184位获得者科学素质的形成过程中,高校学习经历、最高学位授予单位、教授首聘年龄与单位等可以量化的指标进行测度分析,发现他们具有超越一般人的多维度的科学素质,具有学术前沿的国际视野,能把握研究方向的社会意义.     

北京顺义一中学生科学世界观调查报告

引言: 科学世界观是素质教育之魂,是辩证唯物主义观点指导下的科学自然观、进步社会观、健康人生观、正确价值观和正确方法论的有机统一。加强青少年科学世界观教育,对于培养青少年的正确观点和科学的思想方法,提高他们的综合素质,自觉抵御“法轮功”等不良思想的侵害,具有极其重要的意义。     

学较体育与体育教师素质教育

振兴民族的希望在教育,振兴教育的希望在教师,建立一支高素质的教师队伍,是实施素质教育的根本保证。叶圣陶曾指出“有诸己而后诸人,无诸己而后非诸人。”教师肩负着历史赋予的伟大使命。因此,提高教师的素质是提高学生素质的关键,也是提高国民素质的根本。体育教育是提高学生思想道德素质、科学文化素质、身体素质、心理素质等诸方面素质的基础和前提,它要求体育教师应具有较高的素质。以身作则,     

破译人的素质与市场经济之奥秘——评《人的素质与市场经济》

市场经济的运行主体是什么?是人。人的核心是什么?是人的素质。能否构建、启动比较科学的市场运行机制,关键在于人的素质及其结构情状。为此,深刻揭示人的素质与市场经济的内在联系,透彻分析人的素质的多维结构,以及科学把握人的素质发展     

上海郊区乡镇劳动者科学文化常识认知水平及相关因素研究

对劳动者素质的研究,应涉及健康、科学文化、思想政治、伦理道德、心理素质等,只有对此综合考察,才能准确地把握其质量特点。目前国际上用来度量人口素质的指标通常集中于科学文化和健康素质两个方面。然而,至今国内对人口科学文化素质研究的维度主要是运用人口普查资料,对学历、受教育年数作数量描述,而少见对劳动者科学文化素质特性的动态研究报告,更少见对农村劳动者科学文化素质特件的专题研究．     

激活科学探究元素 让科学课堂充满乐趣

科学活动的本质在于探究,教育的宗旨在于形成人的良好素质,科学教育只有引导学生通过科学探究来发展其科学素质,才能实现科学本质与教育宗旨的内在统一。因此,小学科学课程应以探究为基础,引导学生主动地学习。一、创设问题情景。激发学生探求知识欲望 实验教学法的核心是以学生为主体,它要求课堂教学从一开始就将学生“发起来”。     

青少年心理健康素质的结构及其实证研究

本研究项目提出了青少年心理健康素质的概念,构建了具有中国特色的青少年心理健康素质的理论体系,确立了我国青少年心理健康素质的科学评价系统,编制了包括8个分量表的、信度效度均符合心理测量学要求的<中国青少年心理健康素质调查表>,并对全国6大行政区的23个省市自治区的51399名青少年的心理健康素质进行了调查.结果显示:各分量表得分处于"高水平"和"中等水平"的人数百分比约为96.5%-98.8%,处于"低水平"的人数百分比为1.2%-3.5%.结论认为我国青少年心理健康素质总体状况是好的,各类心理健康素质"低水平"的人数的百分比很低.     

民族文明素质的含义、结构及其时代价值

民族文明素质是民族活力与生命力的象征,是国家文化软实力和民族竞争力的重要表现,其内容由人口身体素质、科学文化素质、思想道德素质和心理素质四个方面的基本要素构成。这四个方面相互作用、相辅相成,各因其自身的特殊功能而居位于民族文明素质这一统一体之中。民族文明素质是一个历史范畴,其具体内容和要求会随着社会历史的进步以及民族素质建设的要求的变化而变化。《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划的建议》明确了我国民族文明素质的基本要求,强调提高民族文明素质在实现中华民族复兴中的重要地位,具有很强的针对性和时代感。     

中小学教师的素质结构及培养

中小学教师的素质结构包括政治思想素质,科学文化素质、身体素质、心理素质、教育能力素质等方面。因此中小学教师的素质能力培养也应从这些方面入手。     

社会主义初级阶段与人的素质

人的素质是历史唯物主义的重要苑畴,也是由多层次、多侧面的要素系统和复杂机制构成的一个综合范畴。从不同层次、不同侧面人的素质可分为生理素质、心理素质、社会素质,又可分为思想道德素质、科学文化素质、政治素质、审美素质等,还可分为内潜素质和外显素质,等等。     

Gender and Science: Women Nobel Laureates

Women and their creativity are underrepresented in science. To date, few women have been awarded the Nobel Prize in science. Eleven female Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry and physiology/medicine between 1901 and 2006 were compared with 37 males who received the Nobel Prize in the same area one year prior and one year after the women. Data analyzed included birth order, marital status, children, awards (Fulbright, Rhodes, and number of honorary awards received), highest education level and Nobel mentor. Results indicated that female Nobel laureates were significantly less likely to marry and have children. When female laureates had children, they had significantly fewer children than male laureates. Female laureates also had fewer publications than their male counterparts. Our findings suggest that eminent women scientists tend to choose the pursuit of scientific discovery over starting families more often than eminent male scientists. More resources are needed in order to nurture and enhance the recruitment and retention of women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM).     

Scientific Productivity and Idea Acceptance in Nobel Laureates

We investigated how new ideas become accepted for Nobel laureates in science. Archival data were collected for 204 Nobel laureates from 1980 to 2009 in physics, chemistry, and medicine or physiology. Acceptance was evaluated for Nobel laureates by Prize area and three key publications in the Nobel laureates' publishing careers: (a) first publication concerning their Nobel idea (FN), (b) highest cited publication concerning their Nobel idea (HN), and (c) last publication concerning their Nobel idea (LN). Acceptance was defined primarily in terms of academic prestige for the journal articles (journal impact factors, article citation counts, Eigenfactor scores [journal impact and journal citations] and journal‐cited half‐life ratings). We found that acceptance for these publications mostly followed LN < FN < HN for all measures and Prize areas—except for physics on impact factor only, which followed FN < LN < HN, as hypothesized. In sum, recent ideas are least accepted rather than original ideas even for established and eminent Nobel laureates.     

Effectiveness of research guidelines in prevention of scientific misconduct

In response to a series of allegations of scientific misconduct in the 1980’s, a number of scientific societies, national agencies, and academic institutions, including Harvard Medical School, devised guidelines to increase awareness of optimal scientific practices and to attempt to prevent as many episodes of misconduct as possible. The chief argument for adopting guidelines is to promote good science. There is no evidence that well-crafted guidelines have had any detrimental effect on creativity since they focus on design of research studies, documentation of research findings, assignment of credit through authorship, data management and supervision of trainees, not on the origin and evolution of ideas. This paper addresses a spectrum of causes of scientific misconduct or unacceptable scientific behavior and couples these with estimates of the potential for prevention if guidelines for scientific investigation are adopted. The conclusion is that clear and understandable guidelines should help to reduce the chance that flawed research will escape from our institutions. However, they cannot be relied upon alone to prevent all instances of scientific misconduct and should be regarded rather as one means of bolstering the integrity of the entire scientific enterprise.     

Patenting and the Gender Gap: Should Women Be Encouraged to Patent More?

The commercialization of academic science has come to be understood as economically desirable for institutions, individual researchers, and the public. Not surprisingly, commercial activity, particularly that which results from patenting, appears to be producing changes in the standards used to evaluate scientists’ performance and contributions. In this context, concerns about a gender gap in patenting activity have arisen and some have argued for the need to encourage women to seek more patents. They believe that because academic advancement is mainly dependent on productivity (Stuart and Ding in American Journal of Sociology 112:97–144, 2006; Azoulay et al. in Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 63:599–623, 2007), differences in research output have the power to negatively impact women’s careers. Moreover, in the case of patenting activity, they claim that the gender gap also has the potential to negatively affect society. This is so because scientific and technological advancement and innovation play a crucial role in contemporary societies. Thus, women’s more limited involvement in the commercialization of science and technology can also be detrimental to innovation itself. Nevertheless, calls to encourage women to patent on grounds that such activity is likely to play a significant role in the betterment of both women’s careers and society seem to be based on two problematic assumptions: (1) that the methods to determine women’s productivity in patenting activities are an appropriate way to measure their research efforts and the impact of their work, and (2) that patenting, particularly in academia, benefits society. The purpose of this paper is to call into question these two assumptions.     

财富?责任?幸福的心理学观——首届中部心理学高峰论坛综述

在2011年11月18日至11月19日,首届中部心理学高峰论坛“心理学的社会使命：财富?责任?幸福”在华中师范大学举行。来自湖南、江西、河南、安徽、山西、湖北中部六省近200名专家学者在本次高峰论坛上进行学术交流和探讨。本次论坛紧紧围绕主题,就如何建设财富中部、责任中部、幸福中部以及开展心理学的科学研究,社会实践,提高人的心理素质等方面进行了深入的讨论和交流。论坛形成了基本共识,认为心理学研究的问题应主要来源于社会现实,其研究成果也应该应用和服务于社会现实。     

Construction of the Disciplinary,Academic, and Discourse Systems in the Contemporary Chinese Philosophy of Science and Technology: Retrospect and Prospect

A review of the decades of research shows that Chinese philosophy of science and technology, on the strength of carrying forward traditions and blazing new trails, has made progress in the construction of discipline system and development of institutions, teaching materials and periodicals, with deepening the discussion on discipline orientation. In academic system construction, driven by efforts to update the academic framework and deepen research on the philosophy of nature, philosophy of science, philosophy of technology, science, technology and society, as well as other traditional fields, achievements have been made in ethical reflections on high technology, engineering ethics, big data and artificial intelligence philosophy, responsible innovation and other emerging, frontier and crosscutting fields. In the construction of discourse system, work has been done to make China’s voice heard on the international stage, excavate and elucidate the excellent traditional Chinese culture, and build disciplines with Chinese characteristics. In short, the achievements of the Chinese philosophy of science and technology have not come easily. Though a diverse and dynamic academic pattern has been formed, and wonderful and unique Chinese discourse has been created, we still face some problems. To accelerate the construction of “Three Systems” of the philosophy of science and technology with Chinese characteristics by building on existing achievements, we should carry forward the tradition of dialectics of nature and strengthen the guidance of Marxism, consolidate the foundation of philosophy and support interdisciplinary interaction and cooperation, track the frontiers of science and technology, and pay attention to the social operation of science and technology.     

Agricultural Research in Romania: Rival Institutional Dependencies on Private Companies

In Romania, agricultural researchers are enlisted to promote the agrochemical industry and large-scale intensive agriculture. This role can be made intelligible through notion of a scientific field, highlighting rivalries between the Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the University sector. The former has lost its public funding but maintains its responsibilities within bodies devising and leading agricultural policy. The latter gives primacy to peer recognition and integration within international networks, but lacks co-financing required for being effectively included in international research projects. Each academic institution tries to devalue the rival's strong points and gain recognition for the superior value of its own assets. The funding provided by the private agrochemical industry adapts to the scientific field's structure: leading multinational firms take advantage of rivalries between academic institutions and fuel them at the same time. They consolidate current orientation taken by members of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences, especially when seeking their support for authorization for seeds and plant-protection products. Industry funds also create new rewards for University staff, emphasizing international connections but disconnecting them from purely academic achievements. Meanwhile Romanian agronomists tend to defend the type of agriculture promising the most significant business opportunities for the agrochemical industry. Thus, it uses institutional rivalries for its agenda, though without directly influencing the direction of research.     

Scientific associations in the German research system—Results of an empirical study

Within contemporary science, scientific associations have been found to fulfill at least four functions: a communicative function that furthers scientific communication within a discipline or subdiscipline; a profesional function that supports individual careers and represents the collective interests of the members within a discipline; a transfer function that provides a meeting place for scientists and societal users of research results; and a promotion function that advises research institutes and political institutions in science policy decisions. This empirical study investigates German scientific associations and shows how and to what degree they fulfill these functions. The results of the study indicate that the communicative and the transfer functions dominate. Uwe Schimank is currently a research fellow at the Max-Planck-Institut fur Gesellschaftsforschung in Cologne. He received his doctorate in sociology at the University of Bielefeld. He is presently working on an analysis of the development of extra-university state-financed research institutes in the German research system.     

The Future of Big Science

ABSTRACT The period of government-sponsored research and development, involving military and industrial intervention in academic life, especially in the USA, was brief and yet its characteristics were declared universal by two historians of science there, Derek J. de Solla Price and Thomas S. Kuhn, who justified coercion and boredom in research work organized hierarchically. The reform of work movement is now attempting to introduce ideas in the opposite direction. Clearly, the institutions of big science should be interested in the improvement of the quality of research done on their premises and in the changes in world situation which might greatly change the agenda of research. To that end research into the general character of big science is very advisable and may be instigated either by large research institutions or by some of their umbrella organizations which may create incentives and alter the character of big science radically to everybody's advantage.     

Ethical issues at the university-industry interface: A way forward?

This paper forms an introduction to this issue, the contents of which arose directly or indirectly from a conference in May 2001 on Corruption of scientific integrity? — The commercialisation of academic science. The introduction, in recent decades, of business culture and values into universities and research institutions is incompatible with the openness which scientific and all academic pursuit traditionally require. It has given rise to a web of problems over intellectual property and conflict of interest which has even led to corporate sponsors’ suppressing unfavourable results of clinical trials, to the detriment of patients’ health. Although there are those who see the norms of science developing to recognise the importance of instrumental science aiming at specific goals and of knowledge judged by its value in a context of application, none justifies the covert manipulation of results by vested interest.Public awareness of these problems is growing and creating a climate of opinion where they may be addressed. We suggest a way forward by the introduction of nationally and internationally-accepted guidelines for industrial collaboration which contain proper protections of the core purposes of universities and of the independence of their research. Some codes suggested for this purpose are discussed. We note that some universities are moving to adopt such codes of conduct, but argue the need for strong support from the government through its funding bodies.