癌症患者家属人格特征、应对方式与消极情绪的关系

为探讨癌症患者家属人格特征、应对方式与消极情绪的关系,对128例癌症患者家属进行调查.结果显示,神经质、消极应对方式、癌症危险认知与消极情绪呈显著正相关;积极应对方式、外向与消极情绪呈显著负相关;外向、神经质、癌症危险认知、消极应对方式均影响癌症患者家属的消极情绪,而消极应对方式为神经质人格特征、癌症危险认知和消极情绪的中间变量.     

人格与羞怯的关系：中介效应与调节效应

以752名大学生为被试,考察了人格基本维度与羞怯的关系以及社会支持在其中的中介作用和应对方式在其中的调节作用。结果发现：（1）神经质对羞怯有显著的正向作用,外向性对羞怯有显著的负向作用;（2）在外向性、神经质对羞怯的作用中,社会支持起着部分中介作用;（3）外向性对羞怯的负向作用受到自责的调节,神经质对羞怯的正向作用受到求助的调节并且神经质预测羞怯的过程中,社会支持的中介作用也受到求助的调节。     

支气管哮喘伴发抑郁与人格、应对和社会支持的关系分析

研究分析支气管哮喘伴发抑郁与人格、应对和社会支持的关系。对216例支气管哮喘患者应用自评抑郁量表、大五人格量表、特质应对方式问卷和社会支持评定量表进行调查,对收集到的数据进行Pearson相关分析、多元逐步回归分析和路径分析。结果显示49．1％的支气管哮喘患者存在不同程度的抑郁情绪;哮喘患者的抑郁程度、人格、应对方式和社会支持之间存在着不同程度的显著相关;人格、应对和社会支持都是影响支气管哮喘伴发抑郁的影响因素,人格的神经质是其重要的预测因素,它除了能直接影响哮喘患者的抑郁程度,还能通过社会支持和应对方式对其起间接的作用。研究提示人格的神经质、公正严谨性和消极应对方式是支气管哮喘伴发抑郁的直接的预测因素。     

90后大学生应对方式与人格特征的相关研究

目的:探讨90后大学生的应对方式与人格特征的相关性,并为高校的心理健康教育提供借鉴。方法:采用应对方式问卷和艾森克人格问卷,对某中医院校240名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:在应对方式中,男生女生在求助、合理化得分上有显著差异,文科生与理科生在退避、合理化得分上有显著差异,独生子女与非独生子女在自责上有显著差异。在人格特征中,男生女生在神经质、掩饰性上有显著差异,文科生与理科生在神经质上有显著差异,独生子女与非独生子女在精神质上有显著差异。在二者相关性中,应对方式与人格特征呈现不同程度的相关。结论:分析产生这些结果的原因,并有针对性的建议高校开展相应的心理健康教育。     

主观幸福感及其与人格的关系综述

主观幸福感,即人们对他们生活的情感性和认知性评价,包括大多数人所谓的幸福、平静、成就和生活满意度。人格特征,特别是外向性和神经质,被认为是影响主观幸福感水平的主要因素。虽然人格能解释相当数量的主观幸福感的变异,但是人格与主观幸福感之间的因果联系还没有取得显著的研究成果。     

关于场依存性－独立性与催眠感受性及性格的比较研究

对场依存性独立性认知方式与催眠感受性及Ｙ—Ｇ性格测验所评定的人格特征的相互关系进行了研究,结果表明：场依存性－独立性与催眠感受性之间不存在相关关系,提示两者为彼此独立的人格特征;在人格特质方面．场依存性者比场独立性者具有更强的社会外向性、社交活动主导性和乐天性;而场独立性者则具有较强的神经质倾向;在人格类型上,场依存性者和场独立性者均普遍表现为Ａ、Ａ’和Ｄ型,而Ｃ型则更可能是场独立性者所具有的特征;从人格类型的研究角度证明,内、外向性格与场依存性－独立性基本上分属两个不同的人格维度;场依存性－独立性与个体心理健康水平无关。     

“大五”人格、依恋与青少年孤独感的关系研究

采用大五人格简式量表、亲子依恋和同伴依恋简表以及青少年孤独感量表调查458名高中生,探索"大五"人格、依恋和青少年孤独感的关系。结果表明:"大五"人格与青少年孤独感关系紧密,神经质与青少年孤独感呈显著正相关,其它人格维度与孤独感呈显著负相关,外向性、宜人性和神经质是孤独感的有力预测变量;"大五"人格也是青少年依恋关系的重要影响因素,责任性、神经质和宜人性是亲子依恋的有力预测因素,而外向性、宜人性和神经质是同伴依恋的有力预测因素;亲子依恋和同伴依恋均显著负向预测青少年孤独感,且同伴依恋的预测效力更强;在不同人格维度与青少年孤独感之间,亲子依恋和同伴依恋的总体中介效应不同,而在同一人格维度与青少年孤独感之间,同伴依恋的中介效应显著高于亲子依恋的中介效应。     

父母离异对子心理发展的影响:计票式文献分析途径的研究

采用计票式文献分析技术对国内1994-2005年间关于离异家庭子女心理特点的35篇研究进行了系统回顾,发现所有研究都报告了父母离异对子女心理发展存在消极影响。他们存在更多躯体化、强迫、焦虑、敌对、孤独、冲动等心理健康问题;行为问题发生率高于完整家庭对照组,主要表现为孤僻、退缩、抑郁、社交不良等行为问题;在人格方面更具神经质特征,表现出更强的掩饰性,人格倾向性容易出现过分内向或过分外向的两极化趋势;在自我意识方面更消极;在学业方面表现较差;知觉到更强的压力而且采用更消极的应对方式,有着更高的犯罪率和自杀意念。对目前研究方法上的不足之处进行了探讨,对国内外研究内容和结果上的差异进行了分析,对未来的研究方向提出了意见和建议。     

抑郁对癌症患者生活质量的影响、社会支持、应对方式的相关性研究

了解抑郁对癌症患者生活质量的影响,探讨抑郁与社会支持、应对方式的相关性。对238例癌症患者分别用抑郁自评量表（SDS）、应付方式评定量表（YFFS）、社会支持问卷（ISSI）、生活质量问卷（QLQ-C30）进行测评。癌症抑郁组患者的生活质量、社会支持低于非抑郁组,更多使用自责、退避等消极应对方式;抑郁与癌症患者生活质量高度相关,抑郁与社会支持、应对方式显著相关。帮助患者提高社会支持,采用积极的应对方式,有利于减轻癌症抑郁反应,提高生活质量。     

个体神经质水平对情绪加工的影响 ——事件相关电位研究

采用事件相关电位方法探讨个体神经质水平对情绪加工的影响,测量并比较了神经质高水平个体和神经质低水平个体观看三类图片（积极、中性和消极）时的事件相关电位。结果发现,P120、N130、P230和N250成分的刺激效价主效应显著,积极、消极情绪刺激与中性刺激诱发的ERP差异最早开始于刺激呈现后的120ms左右。其次,在额叶和额中央部位的晚正电位上,神经质水平与刺激效价交互作用显著,神经质高分组与低分组对消极情绪刺激的反应有明显差异,而两组被试对积极、中性刺激的反应没有表现出差异。结果支持神经质与消极情绪相关,个体的神经质水平主要影响额叶和额中央叶的晚期负性情绪加工     

情绪调节在特质与情绪间中介效应模型的年龄差异

研究采用EPQ、ERQ及PANAS收集了青年、中年及老年三个年龄组共870份有效数据, 分析了认知重评和表情抑制在外倾和神经质与正负情绪之间中介效应及发展模型差异。主要结果：(1)外倾−正情绪, 神经质−负情绪之间存在高相关。(2)与青年组和老年组比, 中年组的神经质与负情绪的相关最弱。(3)三个年龄组的认知重评在神经质与负情绪之间都存在显著的中介效应, 中介效应值在中年组为最强。(4) 表情抑制在外倾与正负情绪之间显著的中介效应仅出现在中年组。研究分析, 认知重评和表情抑制是减弱特质−情绪之间密切度的有效调节机制。     

外倾个体何以有更多正性情绪体验？——情绪调节自我效能感的中介作用

通过对1076名大学生进行人格特质(外倾和神经质)、情绪调节自我效能感和情绪体验的测查,本研究探讨了外倾和神经质影响情绪的可能机制。结果表明：(1) 情绪调节自我效能感与外倾和神经质之间有紧密联系;(2) 外倾与情绪调节自我效能感可以有效预测个体正性情绪的变异;(3) 外倾对正性情绪的影响部分是以情绪调节自我效能感为中介的。该发现对实践中提升个体情绪调节自我效能感、改善情绪状态并最终优化人格结构具有重要启示。     

The relationship between personality and affect over the lifespan

This study compared the trait and emotion perspectives of personality development by examining relationships between extraversion, neuroticism, positive and negative affect across the lifespan. A total of 533 volunteers: 228 children and early adolescents (8 to 15 years), 163 late adolescents and young adults (16 to 29 years) and 142 adults (30 to 68 years) completed Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Extraversion correlated significantly with positive affect and neuroticism with negative affect in each age group. As predicted by the emotion perspective, correlations were significantly stronger for adults than children and early adolescents. In addition, extraversion-positive affect and neuroticism-negative affect factors explained less variance for children and early adolescents compared to those of adults.     

Neuroticism and responses to social comparison among cancer patients

The present study examined how the effects of three audiotapes containing different types of social comparison information on the mood of cancer patients depended on the level of neuroticism. On the procedural tape, a man and woman discussed the process of radiation therapy, on the emotion tape, they focussed on emotional reactions to their illness and treatment, while on the coping tape they focussed on the way they had been coping. A validation study among 115 students showed that the tapes were perceived as they were intended. The main study was conducted among 226 patients who were about to undergo radiation therapy. Compared to patients in the control group, as patients were higher in neuroticism, they reported less negative mood after listening to the procedural and the coping tape. Furthermore, as patients were higher in neuroticism, they reported less negative mood after listening to the coping tape than to the emotion tape. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Who benefits from emotional expression? An examination of personality differences among gynaecological cancer patients participating in a randomized controlled emotional disclosure intervention trial

The present study examined the role of neuroticism and extraversion in the effects of written emotional disclosure in patients diagnosed with gynaecological cancer. It was hypothesized that high levels of neuroticism would be associated with an increase in distress after emotional disclosure as mediated by heightened negative affect and avoidance post-disclosure. Conversely, we expected high extraversion to be associated with decreased distress as mediated by heightened positive moods and a decrease in avoidance. Eighty-eight participants were randomly assigned to participate in an expressive writing task versus a control writing task. Distress and avoidance were assessed at baseline and 6 months post-writing. Negative and positive mood were assessed immediately following writing. Multiple regression confirmed that neuroticism but not extraversion moderates the effects of emotional disclosure on distress, however no significant mediating relationships were found.     

Correlates of styles of love

Styles of loving were correlated with neuroticism and extraversion scores. The manic style of love was significantly associated with neuroticism scores, while ludic and erotic love were associated with extraversion.     

情绪性人格对青少年创伤后成长的影响：应对方式的中介作用和社会支持的调节作用

汶川地震两年后,采用小五人格问卷、应对方式问卷、社会支持问卷和创伤后成长问卷对497名中学生进行调查,探讨青少年创伤后成长与情绪性人格、应对方式和社会支持的关系。结果显示：（1）青少年创伤后成长的年龄、性别差异不显著;青少年创伤后成长的三个维度之间存在显著差异：人际体验的改变分值最高,其次是自我觉知的改变,得分最低的为生命价值的改变;（2）积极应对方式在情绪性人格与创伤后成长之间起完全中介作用,消极应对方式则不发挥直接的中介作用;（3）情绪性人格与创伤后成长之间的中介效应受到社会支持的调节,低社会支持组的个体情绪性人格越高,越容易采取积极认知、寻求支持等积极的应对方式,从而产生更高的创伤后成长。     

Age-related differences and change in positive and negative affect over 23 years

Positive and negative affect, measured by the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale, were studied in a longitudinal sample spanning from 1971 to 1994. The sample (N = 2,804) represented 4 generations of families. Linear trend analyses compared generations over time for positive and negative affect and also examined the possible influences of neuroticism and extraversion on initial levels of affect and patterns of change in affect. Negative affect decreased with age for all generations, although the rate was attenuated among the oldest adults. Higher neuroticism scores also attenuated the decrease in negative affect across time. For positive affect, the younger and middle-aged adults showed marked stability, but the older group evidenced a small decrease over time. Higher levels of extraversion were related to more stability in positive affect.     

Happy as an Extraverted Clam? The Role of Personality for Subjective Well-Being

Personality characteristics, especially the traits of extraversion and neuroticism, have been proposed as the primary determinant of subjective well-being (SWB). Meta-analytic evidence presented here suggests that personality is indeed strongly related with SWB, and that only health is more strongly correlated with SWB. In a study of 137 personality traits that have been correlated with SWB, neuroticism was one of the strongest negative correlates of SWB. However, extraversion was not the primary factor associated with increased SWB. Rather, several personality characteristics that focus on the characteristic experience of emotions, on enhancing relationships, and on one's characteristic style of explaining the causes of life events are most intimately tied to SWB.     

外倾和神经质对情绪的影响

采用心理生理实验法和问卷法检验人格特质对情绪的影响。结果：高外倾的正情绪增强型调节多,正情绪也多;高神经质的负情绪增强型调节多,负情绪也多。厌恶情绪过程中,外倾的R-R间期增加大,躯体活动变化弱,快乐增加大,兴趣增加少;神经质的FT增加大,恐惧增强多。调节过程中,高外倾的FT增加大;神经质的FT增加弱,表情行为强度增强大。结论：外倾和神经质对厌恶情绪及其调节过程的情绪成分变化起复杂作用,配合其调节方式习惯,使各特质具有特别的情绪特点。