对边缘性人格障碍亚型的研究

边缘性人格障碍是一种最常见的人格障碍.描述性精神病学、心理测验和精神分析的研究发现,边缘性人格障碍可能是由若干个异质性的亚群体组成,不同的亚群在症状表现、病因、心理病理机制、对治疗干预的反应和预后等方面可能都存在着很大的差异,可以根据不同的维度将其进行亚型分类,而使同一个亚群中的个体差异小于不同亚群之间的个体差异.     

克恩伯格边缘性人格组织理论述评

边缘性人格组织是人格障碍的内在结构。克恩伯格主要从非特异性自我虚弱性、现实检验、原始防御机制、病理性的内在客体关系以及身份认同紊乱五个方面阐述了边缘性人格组织理论。该理论弥补了DSM-Ⅳ中人格障碍诊断标准的无理论化倾向的缺陷,并为深入理解人格障碍的心理病理学提供了一个系统框架。     

大学生人格障碍和心理防御机制的关系

本研究通过对160名随机抽样的在校大学生施测DSQ和PDR问卷,研究人格障碍与心理防御机制的关系,结果显示:(1)不成熟的防御机制与人格障碍呈正相关,而成熟的防御机制与人格障碍无明显的相关:(2)投射、被动攻击、潜意显现和退缩是与大学生的人格障碍相关最显着的四种防御机制;(3)在某些人格障碍类型上,男女生使用的防御机制有所不同     

反社会型人格障碍病因研究之现状

在各种人格障碍中,反社会人格障碍因其对社会的巨大危害而受到关注,对他的病因研究是进行得最多、最全面的。本文介绍了有关反社会人格障碍病因研究的动向,主要包括其生物学病因、家庭关系等方面的研究,并重点介绍了其病因研究的最新观点,即关于反社会人格障碍形成的发展观。最后根据当前的研究成果,提出应从生物——心理——社会的综合模式去探究反社会人格障碍的成因。     

辩证行为疗法的回顾与前瞻

辩证行为疗法(DBT)是最近十几年来兴起的一种主要针对边缘性人格障碍(BPD)的有效治疗方法。就辩证行为疗法的基本理论与治疗模式、治疗阶段与治疗策略进行综述,并介绍了国外最近的临床研究进展,最后对该疗法的应用前景进行了展望。     

成人人格障碍形成根源——基于E·H·Erikson心理社会发展理论探究

本文通过探究E·H·Erikson心理社会发展理论的阶段性任务和危机,认为成人人格障碍形成的根源是个体在人格形成关键期由于不恰当的心理社会环境导致个体认知、情感和行为受到严重损害而无法完成阶段任务,遭遇阶段危机,从而导致人格障碍的形成。     

重点大学大学生人格障碍分析

人格障碍是21世纪的大学生们所面临的一个日益突出的问题,由遗传、心理、社会等因素导致。而在重点大学大学生中又以强迫型人格障碍居多,有着重点大学中所特有的原因和特殊性,因此健康人格的形成是实在且必要的,每个人都应该是其中的实际的行动。     

重点大学大学生人格障碍分析

人格障碍是21世纪的大学生们所面临的一个日益突出的问题，有生物、遗传、心理性社会性因素导致。而在重点大学的大学生中又以强迫型人格障碍居多，有着重点大学中所特有的原因和特殊性，因此健康人格的形成是实在且必要的，每个人都应该是其中的实际的行动者。     

220名男性罪犯人格障碍的初步研究

采用人格障碍诊断量表和艾森克人格问卷,对在押的220名男性罪犯的人格障碍及人格特征进行调查,结果发现：（1）罪犯人格障碍的发生率显著高于普通人群,且与普通人群存在极显著的差异。（2）罪犯人格障碍与艾森克人格量表中情绪稳定性、精神质、内外向三个因素有显著的相关。其中,情绪稳定性因素与12种类型人格障碍及总分存在极显著的正相关;精神质因素与除强迫型以外的11种类型的人格障碍及总分存在极显著的正相关;内外向因素与表演型、反社会型人格障碍以及自恋型人格障碍存在显著的正相关,与分裂样人格障碍存在显著的负相关。情绪稳定性因素可能是各型罪犯人格障碍的基本人格因素。     

积极心理学视角下积极人格塑造的探究

心理学研究表明，人的一生要经历不同的人格发展阶段，人格的形成是一个动态发展变化的过程。中学阶段是人格发展舜口培养的关键时期。他们正处于身心急剧发展和自我意识由分化、矛盾逐渐走向整合的特殊时期；从生理理成熟到心理成熟的个体发展阶段，是个体一生发展历程中的“黄金时代”。他们的心理没有达到真正成熟的状态，而且在强大的升学压力下，十分容易出现人格障碍。中学生的人格障碍大致分为偏执型、分裂型、情感型、适应型和边缘型5种类型。积极心理学视野中的积极人格研究为当代中学生人格塑造指明了新的方向。积极心理学旨在把人类的积极品质应用到最前沿中来，发现和培养积极人格，而个体的优秀品质和个性特征也会渗透整个生活空间，从而对中学生的成长产生深远影响。因此，积极心理学有利于加强中学生积极人格的塑造，促使其具备适应现代社会发展的良好行为习惯和积极^格，从而从容应对自身生理和心理变化，适应激烈社会竞争，并且更有效率地学习，更健康地成长。     

Self-esteem in patients with borderline and avoidant personality disorders

This study compared self-esteem in patients with avoidant personality disorder (APD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). Patients diagnosed with one or more personality disorders answered the questionnaire Index of Self Esteem as part of a comprehensive evaluation within the setting of a treatment trial. Our hypotheses were that (1) both patients with APD and patients with BPD would report low levels of self-esteem, (2) patients with APD would report lower self-esteem than patients with BPD. We further expected that (3) patients with higher levels of depression would report lower levels of self-esteem, but that (4) both borderline and avoidant personality pathology would contribute to explained variance in self-esteem beyond what would be accounted for by depression. All of our hypotheses were supported. The results from our study showed a significant difference in self-esteem level between the two personality disorders, patients with APD reporting lower self-esteem than patients with BPD. Subjects with both disorders were measured to have self-esteem levels within the range that presumes clinical problems. Self-esteem represents an important quality of subjective experience of the self, and the study of self-esteem in PDs can offer new and important knowledge of PDs as self-pathology.     

Borderline personality disorder,complex trauma,and problems with self and identity: A social-communicative approach

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a relatively highly prevalent psychiatric disorder that is associated with very high personal and socioeconomic costs. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review of the relationship between complex trauma and key features of BPD, with a focus on problems with self-coherence and self-continuity. We first review evidence for the high prevalence of complex trauma in BPD patients. This is followed by a discussion of emerging knowledge concerning the biobehavioral mechanisms involved in problems related to self and identity in BPD. We emphasize three biobehavioral systems that are affected by complex trauma and are centrally implicated in identify diffusion in BPD: the attachment system, mentalizing or social cognition, and the capacity for epistemic trust—that is, an openness to the reception of social communication that is personally relevant and of generalizable significance. We formulate a new approach to personality and severe personality disorders, and to problems with self and identity in these disorders, rooted in a social-communicative understanding of the foundations of selfhood. We also discuss how extant evidence-based treatments address the above-mentioned biobehavioral systems involved in identity diffusion in BPD and related disorders, and the supporting evidence. We close the paper with recommendations for future research.     

Borderline personality disorder and laboratory-induced cold pressor pain: Evidence of stress-induced analgesia

Behavioral neuroscience findings regarding stress-induced analgesia may be an appropriate model for the paradoxical effects of self-mutilative pain of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). We hypothesized that BPD patients would show an exaggerated antinociceptive effect from an uncontrollable cold pressor stress, compared to persons with other personality disorders or to a nonpsychiatric control group. This hypothesis was supported. Limitations of the study and directions for future research are discussed.     

A systematic review of the evidence-based psychosocial risk factors for understanding of borderline personality disorder

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious personality disorder characterized by affective instability, impulsivity and interpersonal disturbance. Currently, intensive research is being conducted concerning the aetiology of BPD, including research on neurobiological, temperamental, psychosocial and cultural risk factors. This study focuses on psychosocial risk factors while other risk factors are taken into account in the discussion of the development of BPD. To our knowledge, no systematic review of the evidence-based medicine literature concerning this theme has been made thus far. However, understanding psychosocial risk factors of BPD is important in order to develop psychotherapeutic treatment models and methods. We provide a systematic review of the literature focusing on psychosocial risk factors for BPD. Utilizing this knowledge, we discuss how these data may be used when studying the development of borderline personality disorder and the treatment of borderline personality disorder.     

Emotional dysfunction in avoidant compared to borderline personality disorder: A study of affect consciousness

Knowledge of emotional dysfunction in patients with avoidant personality disorder (APD) is much needed. The present study examined affect consciousness (AC) in patients with APD compared to borderline personality disorder (BPD). AC, defined as capacity to perceive, reflect on, tolerate, and express emotional experiences, is assumed to be central to structure‐building in personality. The study tested the hypotheses that patients with APD have lower general AC and lower AC for pleasant affects compared to BPD. Fifty‐nine patients, 26 with APD and 33 with BPD were rated on several aspects of AC using the specialized AC interview. The structured interview SCID‐II was applied for diagnostic evaluations. The APD group had significantly lower levels of global AC and conceptual expressivity compared to the BPD group. Among 11 specific affects the APD group had significantly lower AC for interest and contempt. Emotional dysfunction is an important feature of APD and the findings indicate that psychotherapies for APD patients should focus on emotional experiences, aiming to improve emotional awareness, tolerance, and expressivity. The notion of a general avoidance of positive emotions in APD needs further exploration, including a possible dysfunction in the evolutionary based neuro‐affective Seeking system.     

Relation Between Childhood Maltreatment and Severe Intrafamilial Male‐Perpetrated Physical Violence in Chinese Community: The Mediating Role of Borderline and Antisocial Personality Disorder Features

This study investigates the role of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) features as mediators of the effects of childhood maltreatment on severe intrafamilial physical violence amongst Chinese male perpetrators. A cross‐sectional survey and face‐to‐face interview were conducted to examine childhood maltreatment, personality disorder features, impulsivity, aggression, and severe intrafamilial physical violence in a community sample of 206 abusive men in China. The results suggest that ASPD or BPD features mediate between childhood maltreatment and intimate partner violence perpetration in Chinese abusive men. These findings may yield clinical and forensic implications for assessing the psychopathology of abusive men, and may steer the intervention of intimate partner violence. Aggr. Behav. 38:64‐76, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Hypervigilance in patients with borderline personality disorder: specificity, automaticity, and predictors

According to cognitive theory, an important factor in borderline personality disorder (BPD) is hypervigilance. The aim of the present study was to test whether BPD patients show schema-related biases, and to explore relations with childhood trauma, schemas, and BPD symptoms. Sixteen BPD patients were compared with 18 patients with a cluster C personality disorder, 16 patients with an axis I disorder, and 16 normal controls. An emotional Stroop task was applied with schema-related and unrelated, negative and positive, supra- and subliminal person-related stimuli. BPD patients showed hypervigilance for both negative and positive cues, but were specifically biased towards schema-related negative cues. Predictors were BPD schemas, childhood sexual traumas, and BPD anxiety symptoms. Both BPD and axis I disorder patients showed a trend for a bias for negative schema-related subliminal stimuli. More attention to hypervigilance in BPD is recommended for clinical practice.     

Children At-Risk for Borderline Personality Disorder

Adult patients who have been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have provided valuable information about events and family dynamics that are frequently associated with BPD. Clinicians who work with children are frequently aware of family or individual characteristics that may put a child at risk for developing BPD. Such situations frequently involve attachment issues with the child's caregivers and can include sexual abuse, divorce, alcoholism/substance use, illness/ death, and neglect. Child characteristics such as learning difficulties and temperament may also predict BPD. Yet, many children are resilient and seemingly unaffected by these events or situations, especially when early intervention may prevent development of BPD.     

Treating the “Mischances of Character,” Simply and Effectively

Cluster B personality disorders, particularly borderline personality disorder (BPD) and narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), are simultaneously among the most disruptive and impairing and among the least well studied, especially regarding treatment. In this paper we present an approach to treating these disorders that emphasizes motivation for treatment, self-control, and a highly structured way to reduce personality disorder symptomatology. Initial testing of the approach on nine patients with BPD and six patients with NPD indicates promise. Case reports are used to illustrate the approach.     

The borderline empathy effect: Do high BPD individuals have greater empathic ability? Or are they just more difficult to “read”?

Clinical psychologists have suggested that patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are unusually accurate at “reading” other people. We investigated this claim by obtaining measures of trait accuracy and empathic accuracy in 38 same-sex dyads, each composed of one high BPD and one low BPD member. At first glance, the results suggested that the high borderline dyad members displayed both better trait accuracy and better empathic accuracy. Additional analyses revealed, however, that these effects were instead a consequence of the high BPD participants having more unusual, harder-to-predict personalities and more difficult-to-infer thoughts and feelings than those of their low BPD counterparts. We conclude that the relative empathic advantage displayed by high BPD individuals does not reflect greater ability; instead, they are simply more difficult to “read” than low BPD individuals are.