变性手术面临的困境与对策研究

变性人这一因变性手术而产生的新的社会群体正在走进公众的视野,然而法律对变性手术及对变性人这一特殊人群的保护却并不完善.2009年,我国出台了＆lt;变性手术技术管理规范（试行）＆gt;,对变性手术引发的社会、法律、伦理等问题进行具体规定.随着变性手术的新进展与新变化,加强变性手术的管理,保障变性人的权益等问题均需进一步深入的研究与探索.对变性手术面临的困境和对策加以研究必将有利于各国人权保障的完善和社会生产生活的稳定,从而在此基础上谋求更长久的发展.     

对变性人和变性手术应持的态度

我们必须用人道主义价值观来确立我们的态度,从而尊重变性人在完全知情条件下的理性的自主选择。必须坚持包容与和谐的价值观,从而对变性人的性别价值观予以容纳和理解。要正确认识变性人及变性手术,积极推进健康教育,预防易性癖发生。我们要通过法律、道德、文化、科学技术等综合措施帮助病人适应社会,获得健康和幸福。     

对变性人和变性手术应持的态度

我们必须用人道主义价值观来确立我们的态度,从而尊重变性人在完全知情条件下的理性的自主选择.必须坚持包容与和谐的价值观,从而对变性人的性别价值观予以容纳和理解.要正确认识变性人及变性手术,积极推进健康教育,预防易性癖发生.我们要通过法律、道德、文化、科学技术等综合措施帮助病人适应社会,获得健康和幸福.     

道德权利与公民道德建设

道德权利是公民道德的内在要求,它在公民社会中既是法律权利的基础,又是法律权利的扩展和深化,较之于法律权利,道德权利具有作用范围大、救济手段软、与义务对等等特性。但我们不能因此忽视道德权利的存在,相反,道德权利在公民社会中表现为道德行为选择的自由权、道德主体的被尊重权、道德行为公正评价权、请求报答权等,这些都是公民道德建设的基本内容。     

关于“代孕爸爸”事件的生命伦理与法律问题思考

全球首位“代孕爸爸”托马斯·比提的高调出现,带来了一场激烈的关于生命伦理与法律的大讨论。变性人的婚姻、生育及代孕问题让我们不得不对变性手术、人工辅助生殖技术以及代孕技术这些新兴生命技术进行再思考。我们不仅要肯定新兴生命技术的合理性,也要防止其所产生的潜在负面影响。合理利用新兴生命技术,客观地分析该事件并制定相应的法规是避免出现伦理道德和社会混乱的有效途径。     

略谈英国法律对宗教平等权利的保护及其特点与问题

由于历史文化传统及现实中各种权利冲突的影响,英国法律对宗教平等的保护有其自身的特点和问题：英国没有保护宗教平等与信仰自由的成文宪法,没有保护宗教权利的专门法律,而主要依靠其它各部门法对宗教权利进行保护,这就在宗教平等方面造成了一些问题。     

法律与自由

本文主要从法哲学的角度探讨了法律与自由的关系问题。本文认为,传统的有关积极自由与消极自由的二分法已经不能准确厘清自由与法律之关系,需要在综合的方法下审视自由观念所包含的法律价值意义。为此,本文系统地考察了禁止论、意志论和规则论三种法律下的自由观,并对作为一项基本的政治与法律权利的自由权利给予了具体的分析,文章认为我们既要保有自由诸权利不受侵犯,更需要为这些自由权利而作为,建设一个法治的宪政制度,则是所有个人自由的基础。     

法律的本源道德与正义原则

社会的本源道德是蕴涵在物质生产关系中的伦理属性 ,是一种体现社会发展必然规律、以权利义务关系表达、本体与价值相统一的伦理范型。法律正义就是社会本源道德在法律制度中的体现。如果说 ,社会主义市场经济的伦理属性是当代中国社会的本源道德 ,是一种以“为人民服务”为宗旨、权利与义务相统一的伦理范型 ,那么它便是各种具体社会制度道德的根据 ,并以不同的形式体现在不同的制度中。体现在社会主义法律制度中 ,就是权利本位、公益优先和人民主权三大正义原则     

穆拉德:"福科之后:一个新的权利形式"

福科在对西方现代社会的批判中设想了建立一种"新的权利形式"的可能性,他认为这一权利形式将克服传统的政治哲学概念的缺点,尤其是克服个人对"惩戒技术"(disciplinary technologies)的服从.福科的批判揭示了个人自由和平等的法律约定与当代社会实际生活的异化之间的矛盾,但他本人没有提出这一"新的权利形式",而其他学者根据福科的批判所做的尝试也不成功.     

试论我国病人权利保护机制的完善

保护病人的权利直接关系到人权保障,已成为社会热点问题.在分析我国病人权利保护的现状和存在问题的基础上,提出了在制度、观念、社会自治等层面如何改进的举措,主要包括推进医院管理体制改革、法律规范的完善、健全行业自治规范、推进社会自治、建设和谐医患关系等方面.     

困境与出路：骨髓捐献的法理分析

面对骨髓捐献供体的严重短缺,捐献人的随意反悔以及法律规范的缺失,从法理的视角,认定骨髓捐献的性质是合同行为,对当事人具有法律约束力;分析捐献合同的人身性和阶段性特征,并在此基础上合理配置捐献人的任意撤消权、受益人的损害赔偿请求权以及受赠人的公益责任,以权利制约权利,权利与义务的对等,保持当事人的权利平衡,这有利于维护骨髓捐献公益性行为的良性发展。     

Personality, person, subject in Russian legal philosophy at the turn of the twentieth century

The problem of the legal person is a central issue in legal philosophy and the theory of law. In this article I examine the semantic meaning of the concept of the person in Russian philosophy at the turn of the twentieth century, considered to be the “Golden Age” of Russian legal thought. This provides an overview of the conception of the personality in the context of different legal approaches (theory of natural law, legal positivism, the psychological legal doctrine, and the sociological school of law). I indicate a polemic among the theories of the person and attempts to create an integral concept of the legal subject. In addition I present an analysis of the relation between the concepts of the legal subject and the moral person, which personify fundamental features of law and morality. In order to demarcate the notions of individual and the legal subject, I focus on doctrines of the artificial person or the juridical person.     

Transsexualität

Transsexuality is a process with biological, psychological and social aspects. It makes the person concerned feel subjectively appendant to the other gender. The own gender is objectively sensed but it is experienced as foreign. Because of this deep internal certainty, transsexual persons change into their inner chosen gender. This change goes along with a psychosocial alteration of role and in most cases with a hormonal and surgical conversion. Psychotherapy with transsexual persons is known to be difficult and disappointing. The aim of this review is to invalidate these prejudices and to encourage psychotherapeutic treatment of transsexual persons. It also will give all necessary information for this kind of psychotherapy. Generally the psychotherapeutic accompaniment of transsexuals is definitely a meaningful experience for a psychotherapist, in which basic issues of human existence are being touched.     

服刑人员重塑法治价值观过程的质性探索

采用扎根理论方法,通过深度访谈、查询检索,收集服刑人员谈话派生资料(n=13),通过三级编码分析、构建理论, 探索服刑人员从犯罪到守法的重塑法治价值观过程。结果显示,服刑人员心理变化分四阶段：1）接受期,认清身份,端正态度;2）积累期,学法习德,修正扭曲;3）转变期,反思总结,守法自新;4）拓展期,延伸法治,规划未来。通过管教民警引导,服刑人员联系亲情逐渐修正扭曲价值观,实现守法自新的转变。     

人的所有制与人权概念

人的所有制是被用来从总体上表明一个人类共同体内部各成员之间占有关系的一种社会制度或社会关系;人的所有制是人类社会最基本的经济制度,它是区别和划分人类历史上各种不同经济形态的根本标志,是一个比生产资料所有制更为重要和更为基本的社会所有制的存在形式;人权概念是一个先后为在相关人类共同体中分别建立和维持人的公民所有制、劳动力的公民所有制、公民所有制的劳动者人身所有制、人格的公民平等、人的个人所有制、劳动力的个人所有制、个人所有制的劳动者人身所有制、婚权的个人所有制和使包括所有成年女性在内的所有社会成年成员享有人格的人类平等、劳动力的部分社会所有制等社会制度而被提出来的哲学概念、法律概念和政治概念。     

The principle of liberty and legal representation of posterity

This paper considers a guardianship model for the legal representation of future generations. According to this model, national and international courts should be given the competence to appoint guardians for future generations, if agents who care about the welfare of posterity apply for the creation of a guardianship in relation to a dispute that can be resolved by the application of law. This reform would grant guardians of future people legal standing or locus standi before courts, that is, the right to bring an action before a court of law for adjudication. Although the guardianship model faces several difficult theoretical and practical problems pertaining to the representation of different near and distant future generations, it is argued that this model – and certain other legal norms intended to protect future basic needs – can be justified on the basis of the principle of liberty.     

Psycho-Social Functioning in an Individual with Gender Identity Disorder

An adult transsexual male with presenting complaints of substance dependence was taken up for the study at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences. Past history covering substance use and transsexualism was followed by psychological assessment comprising of Verbal Adult Intelligence Scale, Draw-A-Person Test, Sentence Completion Test, The Adjustment Inventory and Rorschach Psychodiagnostics. The patient presented with interpersonal difficulties and distress owing to substance use. He reported being personally comfortable with his transsexual status and sought help for sex reassignment surgery. The study directs attention towards the fact that individuals with GID are at a risk for healthy adjustment with respect to their socio- cultural set up and in coping with situations. Hence, detailed assessment of distress related to GID, the social milieu leading to acceptance/isolation of the person and co-morbid conditions (if any) is productive.     

L’expertise judiciaire n’est pas un préalable obligatoire au changement de sexe à l’état civil pour les personnes transsexuelles

The changing of the sex designation on the civil status for transsexual persons in France is not governed by the legislator but by the case law, the Court of cassation. This system is now insufficient, given the unequal treatment between citizens among jurisdictions. Courts and ministerial orders cannot compensate such a situation. A legislative intervention seems to be necessary. The recent decisions from the Court of cassation have awakened fears regarding the so-called obligation of a legal and medical examination before a changing of the sex designation. We do consider that it is not a preliminary stage to succeed for such a proceeding.     

How do people evaluate social sexual conduct at work? A psycholegal model

The authors tested a psycholegal model of how people evaluate social sexual conduct at work with videotaped reenactments of interviews with alleged complainants, perpetrators, and other workers. Participants (200 full-time male and female workers) were randomly assigned to evaluate the complaints with either the reasonable person or reasonable woman legal standard. Participants answered questions about sexual harassment law and completed the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. Participants who took the reasonable woman perspective, as compared with those who took the reasonable person perspective, were more likely to find the conduct harassing; this was especially the case among participants high in hostile sexism. Medium-sized gender effects were found in the severe case but were absent in the weaker, more ambiguous case. The implications of these findings for hostile work environment law are discussed.     

Begutachtung bei sozialrechtlichen Fragen

Expert opinions in social law are extraordinarily frequent. The expert opinion is the decisive basis for a decision whether a social benefit has to be granted. The importance of social legal assessment for those affected and for society in general is substantial and psychiatric experts carry a high responsibility for the expert opinions in social law. In order to be able to justify this responsibility, psychiatric experts must possess expert knowledge with respect to the current scientific debate in the respective field as well as the individual fields of social law and the various problems associated with them. This article describes the examination and structure of expert opinions. The problem of the so-called critical examination of the will and the problem of malingering are discussed. The important fields in social law are described.