突发公共卫生事件与政府应急能力建设

政府如何加强应急体系建设,提升应对突发公共卫生事件的能力,是关系社会秩序能否稳定和谐的重大问题.为此应在坚持行政应急性原则的基础上,从公共卫生应急资源的准备供给、管理供给和补偿供给三方面形成实现应急能力的支持系统,以消解突发公共卫生事件所引发的社会影响或动荡.     

"非典"重大突发公共卫生事件的思考

“非典”属于重大突发公共卫生事件,它不仅是卫生部门的事情,而且环保、公安等部门都兼负有责任。在抗击“非典”的过程中,我国政府在各方面都做出很大的努力,也取得了明显的效果。《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》的颁布,标志着我国进一步将突发公共卫生事件应急处理工作纳入法制的轨道,将促使我国突发事件应急处理机制的建立和完善。     

公共卫生安全的重要保障--解读《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》

1　非典事件应急条例防治非典 ,不仅要依靠科学和精神 ,而且要依靠法制。《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》(以下简称条例 )的颁布实施充分反映了我国政府的法治形象。面对突如其来的非典型肺炎疫情 ,党中央、国务院高度重视 ,沉着应对 ,本着对人民身体健康和生命安全高度负责的精神 ,采取了一系列果断、有效的措施。新一届国务院第一次常务会议就决定 ,把非典型肺炎列为我国法定传染病 ,依法进行管理[1] 。但是非典型肺炎疫情的发生和蔓延 ,也暴露出我国在处置重大突发公共卫生事件方面机制不健全。为有效预防、及时控制和消除突发公共卫生事件…     

传染病管理策略的转变

SARS暴发结束以来,人们在流行病学、临床上、疾病预防和控制、传染病应急机制建立和完善等诸多方面进行总结、反思、探索和研究,带来了许多积极的转变和进步,表现在:(1)公共卫生基础建设和突发公共卫生应急系统建设受到重视和加强,国家制定了相应法律法规,提供了依法预防和处理突发公共卫生事件法律保证,同时从国家到地方都把公共卫生建设放在优先的位置…;(2)对突发性公共卫生事件反应、处理更加科学化和规范化[2],表现在SARS后出现的一些突发公共卫生事件,信息灵敏、各方联动、反应迅速、效果显著;(3)各级医疗机构和医务人员对诸如新发和再现传染病意识、预警水平和处理能力明显提高,一方面继续保持对SARS重现的高度警惕,同时跟踪各种传染病流行的新趋势和特点,临床上对各种传染病早期识别和管理水平大大提高;(4)加强了国际间合作,分享信息和联合攻关,提高了对传染病认识和控制水平.     

突发公共事件的心理健康服务体系的建构

突发公共事件的心理应急救助是我国心理健康服务体系的一个重要组成部分.突发公共事件需要心理救助,心理救助也是突发公共事件危机管理的组成部分.严重突发事件的心理健康服务包含事前的准备、应急和善后的完整建构.突发公共事件的心理健康服务的应急预案应包含完善的应急组织管理指挥、系统完整的过程评估、分级分类的响应、强有力的应急救援保障、综合救援的应急队伍.在运作上应该遵循综合预防、协同应对和规范管理三个基本原则.     

伦理学视域中突发公共卫生事件的网络舆情问题

随着现代科技的发展,网络空间作为现实空间的延伸,在突发公共卫生事件的背景下,网络舆情因疫情的发展而滋生、爆发、蔓延,如何理性应对网络舆情早已成为管理突发公共卫生事件过程中的重要环节。从伦理的视角揭示突发公共卫生事件中网络舆情的特点,深入分析网络舆情暗藏的伦理冲突,客观地探讨应对网络舆情的伦理秩序,对积极应对当下所面临的疫情可以提供一些重要的启示。     

国际权威科学期刊封面公共卫生事件图像示例

近年来,国际权威科学期刊封面图像以艺术与科技的相互介入模式,关注2019-nCoV全球性公共卫生事件,让更多受众关注、了解病毒与人类的关系,警醒全球尽快完善公共医疗与应急管理体系,形成面临公共突发卫生事件时的新型观看模式。     

从SARS看突发公共卫生事件的政策管理

在调研国外应对突发公共卫生事件政策管理经验的基础上,结合我国应对传染性非典型肺炎的措施,初步探讨了我们在应对突发公共卫生事件政策管理方面的不足,并就改进对策也进行了初步研究。     

公共卫生紧急事件中对医务人员的精神卫生服务

2020年1月爆发的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情是一次突发的公共卫生危机事件,一线医务工作者应对疫情时面临的威胁包括病原体暴露、长时间工作、心理困扰、疲劳、职业倦怠、耻辱、身体和心理暴力。如果他们在过度压力下出现精神或行为异常迹象,就需要得到支持干预。突发公共卫生危机事件对经历者带来的心理和社会影响深远,而原先患有精神心理疾患...     

从突发公共卫生事件透视医院感染控制

通过突发公共卫生事件来审视目前我国医院感染管理工作中存在的一系列问题并提出了相应对策.     

美国公共卫生突发事件应急体系的结构分析

美国的公共卫生突发事件应急体系集中了美国现有最好的资源,保证了该体系强有力的指挥功能,其横向的政府各职能部门均能协同运作,纵向的"国家一州一地方"三级公共卫生部门也能高效协调,从而建立了一个全方位、立体化、多层次和综合性的公共卫生应急管理网络.     

Design-Based Guidelines for the Semantic Perception of Emergency Signs

The current study applies semantic differential to explore the semantic perception of emergency signs, in an attempt to analyze the meanings of emergency signs in regard to the psychological exigencies of the general public. The results indicate that problems concerning recognition accuracy have been observed, but also that the evaluation of the semantic meaning of the signs is positive. However, a number of emotional factors also emerge, indicating that if improvements should be made to the existing emergency signs, it would better facilitate evacuation in the event of an emergency. As for the design guidelines, the emergency signs should be readily recognizable and have a single meaning. Multiple symbolic meanings should be eliminated. Concrete design guidelines include: (a) safety movement, (b) clarity, and (c) safety. To avoid confusion in sign recognition, in addition to the improvements made based on the abovementioned guidelines, educational promotional activities carried out by the government would also prove very beneficial.     

在日常工作中强化急诊医学临床决策方法训练初探

急诊医学是临床决策应用最频繁的学科之一。为了提高我院急诊科医师的临床决策水平,全科医师在3人“研究小组”带领下,于2009年10月至2010年12月,通过研习有关文献掌握常用的临床决策方法;在分诊、接诊、抢救、晨会、主任查房、病例讨论会等日常工作环节,强化临床决策方法的训练和运用。比较4种主要决策方法在“训练前组”和“训练后组”抢救病例的应用比例,发现快捷的“模式识别法”和“运用规则法”的使用比例明显提高,严谨而费时的“假设一演绎法”的使用比例明显降低,“事件驱动法”和“失误率”无明显变化。提示：在日常工作中强化急诊医学临床决策方法的训练有助于提高急诊医师的临床决策水平。     

Health-Related Quality of Life during COVID-19 Pandemic: Assessing Impacts of Job Loss and Financial Support Programs in Japan

This cross-sectional study examined the association between job loss during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in the Japanese working population and whether universal financial support program has a protective influence on the HRQOL. Two self-reported internet surveys were used to determine job loss during the pandemic: one was conducted between February and March 2020, just before the COVID-19 emergency declaration by the Japanese government (April 2020), and the other was conducted between August and September 2020. For the dependent variable, we used the EQ-5D-5L utility score (QOL utility score), which was assessed between August and September 2020. The independent variables were job loss after the state of emergency was declared and two types of government financial support (either universal support or support targeting child-raising households). The Tobit regression model was applied, adjusting for covariates. Job loss during the pandemic was negatively associated with the QOL utility score in the fully adjusted model; the coefficient (95% confidence interval [CI]) for job loss during the pandemic was −0.07 (−0.11 to −0.03). For the government financial support variables, the universal financial support program was associated with a better QOL utility score of the coefficient (95% CI), 0.05 (0.03 to 0.08). Job loss during the COVID-19 pandemic is negatively associated with HRQOL, while universal financial support is positively associated with HRQOL. Our study results imply that universal financial support during the COVID-19 era has a protective influence on an individual’s HRQOL.

     

The Interplay of Empathy and Individualism in Support for Social Welfare Policies

Public support for government welfare programs is grounded in two potentially conflicting factors: a belief in individualism which undermines support for welfare assistance and the capacity for empathy which potentially enhances support. However, empathy is an expensive psychological commodity subject to pervasive up- and down-regulation. This article examines the degree to which a belief in individualism affects the expression of compassionate support for a person in need among those with the capacity for empathy. In two online survey experiments, empathic ability powerfully increases support for a welfare recipient and social welfare policies when it does not conflict with individualism. But, empathic ability decreases compassion and support for government welfare among strong individualists. Evidence that individualists down-regulate empathy for someone in need of government assistance is consistent with the conservative view that welfare promotes dependency and undermines individual agency. In contrast, charitable assistance is not associated with long-term dependency, and we find that empathy is up-regulated by strong individualists to generate charitable support for the same individual to whom they denied government assistance. The up- and down-regulation of empathy in response to someone in need of government welfare helps illuminate the sharp divisions over social welfare policy among the American public.     

美国院前急救医患沟通＂十条金律＂解析

医患沟通的能力和技巧是院前急救人员必备的重要素养之一,与院前急救服务的效率和质量密切相关.在美国急救医疗服务体系中,普遍遵循医患沟通＂十条金律＂,包括：（1）保持职业化状态;（2）始终保持与患者目光接触;（3）给予患者恰当的称呼;（4）使用患者听得懂的语言;（5）保持恰当的语速、语调和语气;（6）与他人谈论患者病情务必谨慎;（7）当心自身的肢体语言;（8）给患者留下回答问题或反应的时间;（9）告诉患者病情真相;（10）注重与特殊群体的沟通.本文简要解析了＂十条金律＂的内涵与意义,对我国院前急救人员或有借鉴意义.     

Subject Competence and Minimization of the Bystander Effect

While performing a drawing task, either alone or in the presence of an observer, high- and low-competent subjects heard a workman fall off a ladder in an adjoining room. As expected, high-competent subjects (Registered Nurses) who witnessed the emergency with another bystander helped as frequently as subjects who witnessed the emergency alone; low-competent subjects (general students) evidenced the familiar bystander effect. Responses to the post-emergency questionnaire indicated that at the time of the emergency both high- and low-competent subjects felt strongly that they should do something to help the workman. The minimization of the bystander effect for the high-competent subjects was mediated by confidence in their ability to help the workman and in knowing what steps to take to help. Discussion focused on the role of subject competency in bystander intervention, effective debriefing, and the subjects' positive reactions to participating in a bystander experiment.     

ISRAELI MOBILIZATION AND THE OVERSEAS VOLUNTEERS IN THE SIX-DAY WAR

This article examines the mobilization of the Israeli home front and the overseas volunteering movement that began in May 1967 and continued through the summer of 1968. The mobilization in the Six-Day War included manifestations of solidarity and volunteering in diverse fields. The Israeli government and the Histadrut sent volunteers to frontier communities and raised funds from the public to finance the war. The movement included World Jewry, which also participated in fundraising through an emergency campaign and sent thousands of volunteers to Israel. The goal of the Israeli government and the Jewish Agency to transform the volunteering movement into a Jewish immigration movement to Israel and to strengthen the bond between Israel and World Jewry, shaped the character of this movement. The article examines the character of this movement and discusses the nature of the encounter between the overseas volunteers and Israeli society.     

正视公共卫生,建立有效的疾病控制体系--SARS疫情后的反思

SARS是由一种变异的冠状病毒(Corona-virus)所致的极为危险的传染病,给我们这个世界带来了一次严峻的考验,从政府到社会的方方面面都全力投身于这一次疫情抗击活动。疫情暴露了我们在卫生改革与发展过程中战略与战术上的缺陷与失误,也使我们清楚地认识到,政府必须正视公共卫生,必须建立一个拥有处理公共卫生突发事件能力的疾病控制系统,为居民健康服务;尽管这次SARS危机挑战的是国家的公共卫生系统,但是对我国卫生事业的改革与发展已经产生了巨大而深远的影响。     

The Need for a Continuum of Trauma Services

Summary

Since September 2000, residents of Israel have experienced a prolonged period of terrorist attacks that shows no sign of abating. The ramifications of the ongoing trauma permeate every facet of life. Since existing services provided by government and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are unable to meet the needs that have emerged, the Continuum of Trauma Services (CTS) was developed for victims of terrorist attacks, their families, friends, emergency and mental health professionals and the community at large. This article also describes the Israel Trauma Coalition and its interest groups, which may be seen as the embodiment of an evolving CTS.