地方卫生立法现状及其问题评析

以法学基本理论为指导,采用实证分析方法,利用<中国法律法规信息检索系统>等检索系统,收集我国31个省、自治区、直辖市的地方卫生法规、规章、自治条例及单行条例,并以此为样本,以地方卫生法规、规章为主线,客观回顾了我国地方卫生立法的历史发展,就地方卫生立法的现状展开调查,深入分析存在的问题.     

我国宗教立法的回顾与思考

经过近30年的艰辛探索和积极实践,我国初步建立起了宗教方面的法律框架,成为以宪法为核心的中国特色社会主义法律体系的组成部分,走出了一条符合我国国情和教情的宗教立法之路,积累了极其宝贵的经验.今后应当按照党的宗教工作基本方针,继续推进宗教立法工作,形成以宪法为核心,以法律为主干,包括行政法规、地方性法规及部门规章、地方政府规章在内的较为完备的宗教方面法律体系,为宗教工作实现法制化、规范化提供有效的法律保障.     

从政策管理到依法管理的历史性转变——《宗教事务条例》及相关法律法规

以《宗教事务条例》颁布实施为标志,我国初步构建了以宪法为核心,包括基本法律、行政法规、部门规章、地方性法规和政府规章等为主要形式的宗教法律基本框架,为2010年中国特色社会主义法律体系的形成做出了重要贡献,宗教工作实现了从政策管理到依法管理的历史性转变。作为我国第一部宗教事务方面的综合性行政法规,将党的政策主张法律化,将国家的宪法原则具体化,《宗教事务条例》确立了我国宗教事务管理九个方面的基本制度。     

论脑死亡立法的生物医学基础、社会学意义及推动程序

随着现代医学科学的发展 ,以脑干死亡作为临床死亡诊断的标准已为大多数发达国家和地区所接受 ,并以法律的形式加以界定 ,以保障现代医疗实践的顺利进行。到目前为止 ,除台湾、香港外 ,我国主体行政管辖区内尚无一份正式的关于脑死亡的法律、法规、规章、条例。因此 ,医疗实践仍以传统的心跳停止作为死亡的标志。这种落后的医疗常规严重阻碍了我国人文学、社会学、法律学、卫生经济学、器官移植学等全方位的发展。脑死亡后毫无意义的继续抢救正在给有限的人力及医药资源造成巨大的浪费 ,改革势在必行。本文就脑死亡立法问题提出若干个人研究…     

推动依法行政 促进宗教和谐——镇江市实施《宗教事务条例》五年来的成效与经验

<正>《宗教事务条例》(简称条例)是我国第一部宗教方面的综合性行政法规,以"保障公民宗教信仰自由,维护宗教和睦与社会和谐,规范宗教事务管理"为立法宗旨。条例实施5     

2022年我国的宗教工作法治化建设及相关问题思考北大核心

一、2022年我国宗教工作法治化建设取得的成绩2022年我国宗教工作法治化建设深入推进,共出台2个地方性法规、2个部门规章、7个地方规范性文件,以及为贯彻落实宗教法规规章而制定的近20个宗教工作文件。其中地方性法规有《河北省宗教事务条例》和《阿坝藏族羌族自治州宗教事务条例》,部门规章有《互联网宗教信息服务管理办法》《宗教活动场所财务管理办法》,地方规范性文件有《山东省互联网宗教信息服务单位信息审核人员管理办法(试行)》《山东省宗教团体管理办法》《河南省宗教活动场所安全管理办法》《天津市民族宗教系统行政处罚裁量基准》《江苏省宗教活动场所主要教职任职备案程序规定(试行)》《江苏省宗教教职人员备案程序规定(试行)》《福建省宗教活动场所接受捐赠票据使用管理办法(试行)》。     

论艾滋病患者的隐私权保护

中国艾滋病立法始于1987年,其标志性法规性文件就是《艾滋病监测管理的若干规定》,这也是中国第一部关于艾滋病的法规性文件.中国艾滋病立法虽然已有了19年的历史,但至今中国仍没有专门的、系统的、权威的艾滋病法规,大多数法律或法规性内容都是分散在其他的法律、法规或规章中,现有的法律法规体系残缺不全.2006年1月29日,国务院总理温家宝签署第457号国务院令,公布了《艾滋病防治条例》,该条例于2006年3月1日起施行.该条例明确了政府和个人艾滋病防治的权利与义务,应该是中国目前最专门、最系统、最权威的艾滋病法规.但如何保护艾滋病患者的隐私权,该条例并未充分说明,因此有必要予以探讨和研究.     

贯彻民族区域自治法 加强配套法规建设

贵州是多民族的省份，是全国8个民族省区之一。民族区域自治法颁布施行以来，在中共贵州省委的领导下，省人大常委会、民族自治地方人大及其常委会坚持以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，全面贯彻落实科学发展观，认真贯彻实施民族区域自治法，按照法律赋予的职权，加强民族立法工作。特别是上个世纪90年代以来，为了适应社会主义市场经济快速发展、西部大开发和新阶段扶贫开发的新形势，贵州制定配套法规的步伐明显加快，取得较好成效。截至今年9月，由省人大常委会制定或批准的决议、法规、自治条例、单行条例和规定等配套法规共99件，仍然有效的70件。制定了《贵州省实施（中华人民共和国民族区域自治法〉若干规定》（以下简称《若干规定》），批准14个民族自治地方的自治条例和修改自治条例的决定。     

论地方立法质量标准

从1980年到今年7月份,山东省人大及其常委会共制定地方性法规266件,其中现行有效的169件;批准济南、青岛、淄博三市人大及其常委会制定的地方性法规299件,其中现行有效的214件。这些地方性法规涵盖了我省政治、经济和社会生活的各个方面,为我省地方法治建设做出了积极贡献。下面结合山东省地方立法工作实践,就地方立法质量标准,谈几点体会。一、判断地方立法质量的基本标准 1、政治价值是保障地方立法质量的根本在当代中国的基本国情和社会状况之下, 地方立法工作必须以人权保障和经济建设为     

2016宗教工作早知道

<正>一、推动宗教工作法治建设在《宗教事务条例》修订工作领导小组的领导下,会同有关部门完成《条例》修订工作。同时,修订完善相关部门规章,指导地方修订地方性宗教法规和政府规章。精心做好对修订后《宗教事务条例》的解读、宣传、培训等工作。按照国家"七五"普法的统一部署,制定全国宗教工作系统的第七个五年规划,重点宣传新修订《条例》,让宗教界人士和信教群众了解     

一名宗教信仰者输血引发的思考

输血挽救了无数危重患者的生命,但少数宗教信仰者在自己或其家属急需输血时却拒绝输血治疗,而目前我国的法律法规在这一方面尚无明确规定,在此种情况下是否输血,医师处于两难的选择,也较易引起医患纠纷,为此建议我国卫生及其司法部门尽快制定相关法律法规,使医务工作者,在遇到此类问题时有章可循,有法可依。     

Division of the Dowry on the Death of the Daughter: An Instance in the Negotiation of Laws and Jewish Customs in Early Modern Tuscany

Tuscan notarial acts permit the exploration of the often elusive relationship of Jewish practice, Jewish law and the corresponding laws of the state. One issue in early modern Italian Jewish marriage negotiations was the eventual disposition of the dowry of a childless wife who predeceased her husband. Jewish law on the succession of the childless woman was complicated by traditional or regional customs and communal ordinances. Moreover, in sixteenth-century Tuscany there was no official code, court or arbiter of Jewish law. Nonetheless, Christian notaries who wrote pre-nuptial stipulations or pacts for Jews worked with the assumption that Jews were allowed to live according to their own law. This essay argues that individual Jews used to advantage the state's assumption that they could follow Jewish law (despite the absence of any universally-acknowledged or applicable law on this specific subject) by employing notaries to write contracts in disregard of both local statutes and well-known Jewish customs. In the second part of this essay I locate the stipulations in the Jewish marriage system and suggest that the process of negotiation over the fate of the dowry was integrally related to the system's emphasis – in contrast to that of contemporary Christians – on universal marriage and procreation.     

医学专业精神及医疗保密：美国历史及现状中的冲突

讨论卫生部门宣传和加强强制汇报的法律的努力、强制性汇报的规定与医学专业精神及个人自主性之间的冲突、私人医生避免遵守这些规则的策略、病人和倡议者设法避免强制性登记和检测的策略,以及医生/病人和公共卫生官员达成的妥协。最后对公共卫生政策提出建议,认识到强制性汇报存在的问题和卫生政策透明度的重要性。     

Acculturation and integration in eighteenth-century Metz

The records of the rabbinic court in late eighteenth-century Metz offer substantial evidence of acculturation and integration in the decades prior to the attainment of Jewish civic equality. In the modern state, the wide application of judicial procedures imposed on minority populations such as the Jews an unprecedented attachment to the larger society. This is reflected in the internalization of norms of legal culture, particularly in matters relating to business partnerships, purchase and sale, torts, inheritance, registration, and familial obligations. The administration of talmudic law in eighteenth century Metz therefore entailed familiarity with royal legislation and local ordinances, as is apparent in two discrete areas: the routinizing of civil procedures in the beit din and the navigation of plural jurisdictions exercised by the Jewish and French justice systems. The Jews of Metz met the challenges of legal pluralism by adapting to the prevailing system of law within French society and by acknowledging the interdependence of cases brought before the beit din and in the French civil court system. Decades before the Jewish population of France was admitted to citizenship, Metz Jews had little choice but to accommodate to general civil law and its structures. Within the realm of law, there emerged new rules of engagement between the Jewish minority and the surrounding society and culture.     

The APA and deafness

Until the 1960s, people who were Deaf and mentally ill lacked access to psychological treatment. Few mental hospitals and clinics had interpreters available, and few psychologists and mental health professionals had knowledge of sign language. Major court decisions and federal laws have effected change, culminating with the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990. This legislation gave people who are Deaf the right to equal access to mental health care as well as a host of other opportunities they had been previously denied. New access laws allowed Deaf students to become educated as psychologists, and a number of hearing psychologists who knew sign language entered the field of deafness. These two groups assumed vital roles within the American Psychological Association in addressing the issue of mental health access for people who are Deaf. ((c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).     

Professional Autonomy in Belgium

The Belgian health care system has a few features that may havecontributed to the rising costs of health care: patients' freechoice of physicians, large clinical freedom of physicians, essentiallya fee-for-service remuneration for medical specialists in which the feesare agreed between insurance funds and physicians. The increased medicalconsumption and costs have prompted the state and insurance companies totake measures that limit the professional autonomy of the physicians.Access to medical education, free until 1997, is now restricted. Themedical profession is organized in the Order of Physicians that hasestablished a code of professional ethics that has moral but not legalforce. So far, there is no special legislation for thepatient–physician relationship, though laws on specific issueslike organ transplantation contain duties for physicians. In recentyears a debate is taking place on patients' rights, of which informedconsent is central and gaining importance in medico-legal publications.An analysis of (ethical and legal) regulations concerning thewithholding or withdrawal of treatment by physicians demonstrate thatthe profession still enjoys a large clinical autonomy, though duediscussion with the patient has become more explicitly required. Therespect for professional autonomy is not primarily due to any formalpower that the Order of Physicians would have, but is rather grounded inthe generally high quality of the patient–physician relationshipthat in ethical terms is considered essentially as a confidencerelationship rather than a contractual relationship.     

Distinguishing genetic from nongenetic medical tests: Some implications for antidiscrimination legislation

Genetic discrimination is becoming an increasingly important problem in the United States. Information acquired from genetic tests has been used by insurance companies to reject applications for insurance policies and to refuse payment for the treatment of illnesses. Numerous states and the United States Congress have passed or are considering passage of laws that would forbid such use of genetic information by health insurance companies. Here we argue that much of this legislation is severely flawed because of the difficulty in distinguishing genetic from nongenetic tests. In addition, barring the use by insurance companies of a genetic test but not a nongenetic test (conceivably for the same multifactorial disease) raises issues of fairness in health insurance. These arguments suggest that ultimately the problems arising from genetic discrimination cannot be solved by narrowly focused legislation but only by a modification of the entire health care system.     

Support for distracted driving laws: An analysis of adolescent drivers from the Traffic Safety Culture Index from 2011 to 2017

IntroductionAdolescent drivers are often the focus of traffic safety legislation as they are at increased risk for crash-related injury and death. However, the degree to which adolescents support distracted driving laws and factors contributing to their support are relatively unknown. Using a large, nationally weighted sample of adolescent drivers in the United States, we assessed if perceived threat from other road users’ engagement in distracted driving, personal engagement in distracted driving behaviors, and the presence of state distracted driving laws was associated with support for distracted driving laws.MethodsThe sample included 3565 adolescents (aged 16–18) who participated in the Traffic Safety Culture Index survey from 2011 to 2017. A modified Poisson regression model with robust errors was fit to the weighted data to examine support for distracted driving laws. Models included age, gender, year, state distracted driving laws, personal engagement in distracted driving behavior, and perceived threat from other road users’ engaging in distracted driving.ResultsApproximately 87% of adolescents supported a law against texting and emailing compared to 66% who supported a universal handheld cellphone law. Support for distracted driving legislation was associated with greater perceived threat of other road users engaging in distracted driving while accounting for personal engagement in distracted driving, state distracted driving laws, and developmental covariates.DiscussionGreater understanding of the factors behind legislative support is needed. Public health interventions focused on effectively translating the risks of cellphone use while driving and effective policy will further improve the traffic safety culture.     

Mandated Reporting of Abuse/Maltreatment of Older Adults: A Primer for Counselors

Maltreatment of older adults is a serious and underrecognized problem. Every state and 6 Canadian provinces have enacted legislation to protect vulnerable older adults from abuse, and many require that mental health professionals report disclosures of abuse to authorities. However, these laws have received little attention in the counseling literature. This article examines the scope of maltreatment of older persons and describes the content of elder abuse and elder maltreatment laws, with special focus on counselors' responsibilities to report maltreatment to authorities. It concludes with strategies for assessing maltreatment and with implications of these laws for confidentiality and informed consent.