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1.
Investigations made into the cognitive decision making of honeybees (Apis mellifera) traveling from one flower patch to another flower patch (interpatch foraging) are few. To facilitate such research, we present
methods to artificially emulate interpatch foraging and quantify the immediate decision making of honeybees (within 50 cm)
choosing to fly an interpatch path. These “Interpatch Methods” are validated, applied, and shown to produce novel information
for the field of honeybee spatial cognition. Generally, we demonstrate that a single foraging cohort of honeybees is shown
to be capable of making decisions based upon different sets of learned cues, in the exact same context. Specifically, both
terminal beacon orientation cues and compass navigation cues can guide the cognitive decision making of interpatch foraging
honeybees; our bees chose both cues equally. Finally, the theoretical importance of decision making for interpatch paths is
compared with the other foraging paths (outward and homing) with respect to the information available to recruited foragers
and scout foragers. We conclude that the ability to analyze interpatch foraging is critical for a more complete understanding
of honeybee foraging cognition and that our methods are capable of providing that understanding. 相似文献
2.
An individual’s foraging activity can be influenced by the choices made by nearby conspecifics. The interest shown in the
location and characteristics of a feeding patch may depend on the feeding success of a conspecific there, a process that needs
to be distinguished from choices guided by rewards to the observer itself. We investigated how rewards for both self and others
influence the foraging choices of captive capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Thirteen adult capuchins observed familiar female conspecific models explore one of three opaque boxes under three conditions.
In the first, there were no rewards available to either monkey; in the second, rewards were available to the model only; and
in the third, both monkeys could retrieve a reward. Under all conditions, subjects more often explored the same box as the
model than was expected by chance. Thus, without ever receiving a reward themselves or without seeing another receive rewards,
subjects’ searches were directed at the box explored by another monkey. The tendency to match the model’s choice increased
if the subject was rewarded. We compared these results to control conditions in which the model was either absent, or present
but not allowed to demonstrate. Subjects’ located the reward less often in control conditions, than in the experimental conditions.
We conclude that extrinsic rewards, while helpful, are not required for partners to influence the foraging choices of capuchins,
and that the unrewarded copying of foraging choices demonstrated here may provide the basis for additional social influences
on learning.
This contribution is part of the Special Issue “A Socioecological Perspective on Primate Cognition” (Cunningham and Janson
2007) 相似文献
3.
Political ideology as motivated social cognition: Behavioral and neuroscientific evidence 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ideology is a potent motivational force; human beings are capable of committing atrocities (as well as acts of generosity
and courage) and sacrificing even their own lives for the sake of abstract belief systems. In this article, we summarize the
major tenets of a model of political ideology as motivated social cognition (Jost et al. in Psychol Bull 129:339–375, 2003a, Psychol Bull 129:389–393, 2003b, Person Soc Psychol Bull 33:989–1007, 2007), focusing on epistemic, existential, and relational motives and their implications for left-right (or liberal-conservative)
political orientation. We review behavioral evidence indicating that chronically and temporarily activated needs to reduce
uncertainty, ambiguity, threat, and disgust are positively associated with conservatism (or negatively associated with liberalism).
Studies from neuroscience and genetics suggest that right- (vs. left-) wing orientation is associated with greater neural
sensitivity to threat and larger amygdala volume, as well as less sensitivity to response conflict and smaller anterior cingulate
volume. These findings and others provide converging evidence for Jost and colleagues’ model of ideology as motivated social
cognition and, more broadly, reflect the utility of an integrative political neuroscience approach to understanding the basic cognitive, neural, and motivational processes that give rise to ideological activity. 相似文献
4.
A real-world open-field search task was implemented with humans as an analogue of Blaisdell and Cook’s (Anim Cogn 8:7–16,
2005) pigeon foraging task and Sturz, Bodily, and Katz’s (Anim Cogn 9:207–217, 2006) human virtual foraging task to 1) determine whether humans were capable of integrating independently learned spatial maps
and 2) make explicit comparisons of mechanisms used by humans to navigate real and virtual environments. Participants searched
for a hidden goal located in one of 16 bins arranged in a 4 × 4 grid. In Phase 1, the goal was hidden between two landmarks
(blue T and red L). In Phase 2, the goal was hidden to the left and in front of a single landmark (blue T). Following training,
goal-absent trials were conducted in which the red L from Phase 1 was presented alone. Bin choices during goal-absent trials
assessed participants’ strategies: association (from Phase 1), generalization (from Phase 2), or integration (combination of Phase 1 and 2). Results were inconsistent with those obtained with pigeons but were consistent with those
obtained with humans in a virtual environment. Specifically, during testing, participants did not integrate independently
learned spatial maps but used a generalization strategy followed by a shift in search behavior away from the test landmark.
These results were confirmed by a control condition in which a novel landmark was presented during testing. Results are consistent
with the bulk of recent findings suggesting the use of alternative navigational strategies to cognitive mapping. Results also
add to a growing body of literature suggesting that virtual environment approaches to the study of spatial learning and memory
have external validity and that spatial mechanisms used by human participants in navigating virtual environments are similar
to those used in navigating real-world environments. 相似文献
5.
Humphrey P. Polanen Van Petel 《Axiomathes》2006,16(4):460-485
What is common to all languages is notation, so Universal Grammar can be understood as a system of notational types. Given
that infants acquire language, it can be assumed to arise from some a priori mental structure. Viewing language as having the two layers of calculus and protocol, we can set aside the communicative
habits of speakers. Accordingly, an analysis of notation results in the three types of Identifier, Modifier and Connective. Modifiers are further interpreted as Quantifiers and Qualifiers. The resulting four notational types constitute the categories of Universal Grammar. Its ontology is argued to consist in
the underlying cognitive schema of Essence, Quantity, Quality and Relation. The four categories of Universal Grammar are structured as polysemous fields and are each constituted as a radial network
centred on some root concept which, however, need not be lexicalized. The branches spread out along troponymic vectors and
together map out all possible lexemes. The notational typology of Universal Grammar is applied in a linguistic analysis of
the ‘parts of speech’ using the English language. The analysis constitutes a ‘proof of concept’ in (1) showing how the schema
of Universal Grammar is capable of classifying the so-called ‘parts of speech’, (2) presenting a coherent analysis of the
verb, and (3) showing how the underlying cognitive schema allows for a sub-classification of the auxiliaries. 相似文献
6.
This paper reviews a recent article suggesting that infants use a system of algebraic rules to learn an artificial grammar (Marcus, Vijayan, Bandi Rao & Vishton, Rule learning by seven‐month‐old infants. Science, 183(1999), 77–80). In three reported experiments, infants exhibited increased responding to auditory strings that violated the pattern of elements they were habituated to. We argue that a perceptual interpretation is more parsimonious, as well as more consistent with a broad array of habituation data, and we report successful neural network simulations that implement this lower‐level interpretation. In the discussion, we discuss how our model relates to other habituation research, and how it compares to other neural network models of habituation in general, and models of the Marcus et al. (1999) task specifically. 相似文献
7.
A cGMP-dependent protein kinase gene, foraging, modifies habituation-like response decrement of the giant fiber escape circuit in Drosophila 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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The Drosophila giant fiber jump-and-flight escape response is a model for genetic analysis of both the physiology and the plasticity of a sensorimotor behavioral pathway. We previously established the electrically induced giant fiber response in intact tethered flies as a model for habituation, a form of nonassociative learning. Here, we show that the rate of stimulus-dependent response decrement of this neural pathway in a habituation protocol is correlated with PKG (cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase) activity and foraging behavior. We assayed response decrement for natural and mutant rover and sitter alleles of the foraging (for) gene that encodes a Drosophila PKG. Rover larvae and adults, which have higher PKG activities, travel significantly farther while foraging than sitters with lower PKG activities. Response decrement was most rapid in genotypes previously shown to have low PKG activities and sitter-like foraging behavior. We also found differences in spontaneous recovery (the reversal of response decrement during a rest from stimulation) and a dishabituation-like phenomenon (the reversal of response decrement evoked by a novel stimulus). This electrophysiological study in an intact animal preparation provides one of the first direct demonstrations that PKG can affect plasticity in a simple learning paradigm. It increases our understanding of the complex interplay of factors that can modulate the sensitivity of the giant fiber escape response, and it defines a new adult-stage phenotype of the foraging locus. Finally, these results show that behaviorally relevant neural plasticity in an identified circuit can be influenced by a single-locus genetic polymorphism existing in a natural population of Drosophila. 相似文献
8.
Social foraging is suggested to increase foraging efficiency, as individuals might benefit from public information acquired
by monitoring the foraging activities of other group members. We conducted a series experiments with captive common marmosets
(Callithrix jacchus) to investigate to what extent marmosets utilize social information about food location when foraging simultaneously with
conspecifics. Subjects were confronted with dominant and subordinate demonstrators in three experiments which differed in
the amount of information about food location available to the demonstrators. In all three experiments, the focal subjects’
performance in the social condition was not enhanced in comparison to a non-social control condition. Because we could rule
out kleptoparasitism and aggressive displacements as explanations, we argue that the subjects’ tendency for scramble competition
by avoiding others and dispersing over the foraging area seems to inhibit or mask the acquisition of social information about
the location of rewarded patches. 相似文献
9.
Helton WS 《Animal cognition》2008,11(1):99-107
Expertise acquisition may be a universal attribute of animals. In this study data on foraging efficiency, or expertise, was
compared for four species: honeybees (Apis mellifera), oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and humans (Homo sapiens). Polynomial regression models were constructed to investigate the relationship between age and foraging efficiency. There
was a similar expertise–acquisition function between age and foraging efficiency across species, best described by a quadratic
equation. The peak of performance was reached, in all cases, before the average age of death but well after reaching physical
maturity and the percentage of lifespan devoted to the skill was more than 10% of the species-typical lifespan. 相似文献
10.
In all colonial pinnipeds studied, mother–young vocal recognition exists and allows rapid and reliable meetings in spite of
the confusing environment of the breeding colony. The efficiency of this recognition process guarantees pup survival, especially
in species where females alternate foraging sea trips and lactation periods on land. The Atlantic Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) is a highly gregarious pinniped with females attending their calves for an extended period of time (2–3 years). Although
we expect mother–calf vocal recognition to occur in this species due to the high density of individuals packed in herds, it
has never been experimentally demonstrated. Here, we assessed the individual stereotypy of both mother and calf barks recorded
in the wild by measuring frequency and temporal acoustic parameters. Both discriminant function and artificial neural network
analyses resulted in high correct classification rates, underlying a well-defined individual stereotypy in parameters related
to frequency modulation and frequency values. Playback experiments showed that mothers were more responsive to the barks of
their own calf than to those of unrelated young. Finally, propagation experiments revealed that barks propagate at greater
distances over water surface than over ice, acoustic features such as frequency modulation and frequency spectrum being highly
resistant to degradation during propagation. Thus, acoustic analysis and propagation experiments suggest that these frequency
parameters might be the key acoustic features involved in the individual identification process. This experimental study clearly
demonstrates that Atlantic walrus has developed a highly reliable mother–calf vocal communication allowing such strong social
bond. 相似文献
11.
Most studies of spatial memory in primates focus on species that inhabit large home ranges and have dispersed, patchy resources.
Researchers assume that primates use memory to minimize distances traveled between resources. We investigated the use of spatial
memory in a group of six white-faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia) on 12.8-ha Round Island, Guri Lake, Venezuela during a period of fruit abundance. The sakis’ movements were analyzed with
logistic regressions, a predictive computer model and a computer model that simulates movements. We considered all the resources available to the sakis and compared observed distances to predicted distances from a computer
model for foragers who know nothing about the location of resources. Surprisingly, the observed distances were four times
greater than the predicted distances, suggesting that the sakis passed by a majority of the available fruit trees without
feeding. The odds of visiting a food tree, however, were significantly increased if the tree had been visited in the previous
3 days and had more than 100 fruit. The sakis’ preferred resources were highly productive fruit trees, Capparis trees, and trees with water holes. They traveled efficiently to these sites. The sakis choice of feeding sites indicate that
they combined knowledge acquired by repeatedly traveling through their home range with ‘what’ and ‘where’ information gained
from individual visits to resources. Although the sakis’ foraging choices increased the distance they traveled overall, choosing
more valued sites allowed the group to minimize intragroup feeding competition, maintain intergroup dominance over important
resources, and monitor the state of resources throughout their home range. The sakis’ foraging decisions appear to have used
spatial memory, elements of episodic-like memory and social and nutritional considerations.
This contribution is part of the Special Issue “A Socioecological Perspective on Primate Cognition” (Cunningham and Janson
2007). 相似文献
12.
Sibley et al. (2008) report a recurrent neural network model designed to learn wordform representations suitable for written and spoken word identification. The authors claim that their sequence encoder network overcomes a key limitation associated with models that code letters by position (e.g., CAT might be coded as C‐in‐position‐1, A‐in‐position‐2, T‐in‐position‐3). The problem with coding letters by position (slot‐coding) is that it is difficult to generalize knowledge across positions; for example, the overlap between CAT and TOMCAT is lost. Although we agree this is a critical problem with many slot‐coding schemes, we question whether the sequence encoder model addresses this limitation, and we highlight another deficiency of the model. We conclude that alternative theories are more promising. 相似文献
13.
Kate Harper 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》2019,55(2):139-160
Alexander Bain (1818–1903) is well known for his two influential textbooks, The senses and the intellect (1855) and The emotions and the will (1859). In comparison, Bain's Mind and body: The theories of their relation (1872) has been of limited interest to historians, and it is here where he presents one of the first neural network models. This paper addresses the historical foundations of Bain's neural network model and explores some of his primary influences. Additionally, this study addresses some of the reasons Bain's Mind and Body did not receive the historical notice his earlier works garnered. 相似文献
14.
The ability of grazing herbivores to assign food types to categories by relying on certain relevant criteria could considerably
reduce cognitive demand and increase their foraging efficiency when selecting among many different plant items. Grasses and
legumes differ functionally in vegetation communities as well as in nutritive value. We aimed to determine whether sheep can
generalize an aversion they learnt for a grass or a legume species to another species of the same functional type and consequently
whether botanical family is a potential level of categorization. Over four successive weeks, 12 lambs were conditioned against
either a freshly cut grass (tall fescue—Festuca arundinacea, N = 6) or legume species (sainfoin—Onobrychis viciifolia, N = 6) using a negative post-ingestive stimulus (lithium chloride) on day 1. Preference of all lambs between another grass
(cocksfoot—Dactylis glomerata) and another legume (alfalfa—Medicago sativa) was assessed on day 3 by measuring their relative consumptions. Preference for alfalfa progressively became lower for lambs
that were conditioned against sainfoin than against tall fescue, indicating that lambs generalized the aversion between species
along some perceptual gradient and classed the considered grasses and legumes in distinct categories. Beyond this original
result, the question now is to identify which specific plant characteristics or functional traits the animals rely on in order
to form categories. 相似文献
15.
Bees, wasps and ants—so-called central-place foragers—need potent homing strategies to return to their nest. Path integration
and view-based landmark guidance are the key strategies for the ants’ navigation. For instance, they memorise different views
in a sequence (sequential memory) but also have a step counter that informs them about the covered distance during each foraging
trip (odometer). The sequential memory and the odometer information can act as contextual cues during travel for retrieving
the appropriate stored view. When and which cue is used at different stages and lengths of the foraging trips is still unknown.
In this study, we examined how the Australian desert ant Melophorus bagoti uses sequential memory and odometric information to retrieve visual memories. Using a set-up made out of channels and two-choice
boxes (Y-mazes), we demonstrate first that M. bagoti foragers are able to learn and discriminate a variety of visual stimuli in a sequence of views along the inbound trip back
to the nest. We then forced the homing ants to encounter a fixed sequence of two visual patterns during their inbound trips.
By manipulating the position and distance of the visual stimuli and decision boxes, we could set the two contextual cues (sequential
memory and odometer) into conflict. After the short 4-m outbound distance, a preference for odometric information as a contextual
cue was found, but after the long 8-m outbound distance, ants relied primarily on their sequential memory retrieval. Odometer
precision deteriorates with increasing travel distance, and accordingly, our findings imply that desert ants may be relying
on the most reliable contextual cue for retrieving visual memories. 相似文献
16.
The results of three experiments are reported. In the main study, a human experimenter presented domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) with a variety of social cues intended to indicate the location of hidden food. The novel findings of this study were: (1)
dogs were able to use successfully several totally novel cues in which they watched a human place a marker in front of the
target location; (2) dogs were unable to use the marker by itself with no behavioral cues (suggesting that some form of human
behavior directed to the target location was a necessary part of the cue); and (3) there were no significant developments
in dogs’ skills in these tasks across the age range 4 months to 4 years (arguing against the necessity of extensive learning
experiences with humans). In a follow-up study, dogs did not follow human gaze into “empty space” outside of the simulated
foraging context. Finally, in a small pilot study, two arctic wolves (Canis lupus) were unable to use human cues to locate hidden food. These results suggest the possibility that domestic dogs have evolved
an adaptive specialization for using human-produced directional cues in a goal-directed (especially foraging) context. Exactly
how they understand these cues is still an open question.
Received: 28 April 2000 / Accepted after revision: 2 September 2000 相似文献
17.
Janson CH 《Animal cognition》2007,10(3):341-356
Both in captivity and the wild, primates are found to travel mostly to the nearest available resource, but they may skip over
the closest resource and travel to more distant resources, which are often found to be more productive. This study examines
the tradeoff between distance and reward in the foraging choices of one group of wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus) using feeding platforms in large-scale foraging experiments conducted over four years. Three feeding sites were arrayed
in an oblique triangle, such that once the monkey group had chosen one site to feed, they had a choice between two remaining
sites, a close one with less food and the other up to 2.3 times as far away but with more food. Sites were provisioned once
per day. The capuchins generally chose the closer feeding site, even when the more distant site offered up to 12 times as
much food. The distances to, rewards of, or various profitability measures applied to each alternative site individually did
not explain the group’s choices in ways consistent with foraging theory or principles of operant psychology. The group’s site
choices were predicted only by comparing efficiency measures of entire foraging pathways: (1) direct travel to the more rewarding
distant site, versus (2) the longer ‘detour’ through the closer site on the way to the more distant one. The group chose the
detour more often when the reward was larger and the added detour distance shorter. They appeared to be more sensitive to
the absolute increase in detour distance than to the relative increase compared to the straight route. The qualitative and
quantitative results agree with a simple rule: do not use the detour unless the energy gain from extra food outweighs the
energy cost of extra travel. These results suggest that members of this group integrate information on spatial location, reward,
and perhaps potential food competition in their choice of multi-site foraging routes, with important implications for social
foraging.
This contribution is part of the special issue “ A Socioecological Perspective on Primate Cognition” (Cunningham and Janson
2007b). 相似文献
18.
John E. Kiat Steven J. Luck Aaron G. Beckner Taylor R. Hayes Katherine I. Pomaranski John M. Henderson Lisa M. Oakes 《Developmental science》2022,25(1):e13155
Little is known about the development of higher-level areas of visual cortex during infancy, and even less is known about how the development of visually guided behavior is related to the different levels of the cortical processing hierarchy. As a first step toward filling these gaps, we used representational similarity analysis (RSA) to assess links between gaze patterns and a neural network model that captures key properties of the ventral visual processing stream. We recorded the eye movements of 4- to 12-month-old infants (N = 54) as they viewed photographs of scenes. For each infant, we calculated the similarity of the gaze patterns for each pair of photographs. We also analyzed the images using a convolutional neural network model in which the successive layers correspond approximately to the sequence of areas along the ventral stream. For each layer of the network, we calculated the similarity of the activation patterns for each pair of photographs, which was then compared with the infant gaze data. We found that the network layers corresponding to lower-level areas of visual cortex accounted for gaze patterns better in younger infants than in older infants, whereas the network layers corresponding to higher-level areas of visual cortex accounted for gaze patterns better in older infants than in younger infants. Thus, between 4 and 12 months, gaze becomes increasingly controlled by more abstract, higher-level representations. These results also demonstrate the feasibility of using RSA to link infant gaze behavior to neural network models. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/K5mF2Rw98Is 相似文献
19.
Using featural cues such as colour to identify ephemeral food can increase foraging efficiency. Featural cues may change over
time however; therefore, animals should use spatial cues to relocate food that occurs in a temporally stable position. We
tested this hypothesis by measuring the cue preferences of captive greenfinches Carduelis chloris when relocating food hidden in a foraging tray. In these standardised associative learning trials, greenfinches favoured
colour cues when returning to a foraging context that they had encountered before only once (“one-trial test”) but switched
to spatial cues when they had encountered that scenario on ten previous occasions (“repeated-trial test”). We suggest that
repeated encounters generated a context in which individuals had a prior expectation of temporal stability, and hence context-dependent
cue selection. Next, we trained birds to find food in the absence of colour cues but tested them in the presence of visual
distracters. Birds were able to learn spatial cues after one encounter, but only when visual distracters were identical in
colouration. When a colourful distracter was present in the test phase, cue selection was random. Unlike the first one-trial
test, birds were not biased towards this colourful visual distracter. Together, these results suggest that greenfinches are able to learn both cue types, colour
cue biases represent learning, not simply distraction, and spatial cues are favoured over colour cues only in temporally stable
contexts. 相似文献
20.
Many ant species travel large distances to find food, sometimes covering distances that are up to one million times their
body length. Even when these foraging trips follow convoluted paths, the ants usually find their way back to their nest with
precision (Wehner et al. in J Exp Biol 199:129–140, 1996). Ants have been shown to use both compass cues in the sky (pattern of polarised light) and landmarks on Earth to return
to their nest. We present two experiments conducted on a solitary foraging ant: Melophorus bagoti in their natural habitat in the central Australian desert. Ants were trained and tested in situ. We tested foragers’ ability
to exit a circular arena which provided an undifferentiated panorama. Artificial visual landmarks were located near a small
exit. On tests in which path integration information was not available, foragers did not use artificial landmarks as beacons.
Instead, they oriented in the learned exit direction, whether or not it pointed to the nest. We suggest that M. bagoti foragers learned a context-specific local vector when cued by the context of the circular arena. Our findings present the
first evidence that M. bagoti foragers learn context-specific compass directions to chart their initial path home. 相似文献