浅谈医生基本功对临床决策的影响

针对医生基本功在医学科学飞速发展的今天有何作用的困惑,阐述了详尽的病史采集、全面而准确的体格检查、合理而科学地选择实验室及辅助检查对临床决策的重要意义.医生只有将基本理论、基本技能、基础知识、道德修养、分析问题、解决问题的能力和水平作为立足之本,才能不断提高临床决策水平.     

肿瘤临床诊疗决策中的哲学思维运用

临床肿瘤诊疗决策是一项复杂的系统工程,在这个过程中正确使用哲学思维是取得一个科学并个体化治疗决策的重要前提。当下,大多数临床医生由于其受教育过程之中缺乏医学哲学思想的教育和训练,故在肿瘤相关学科的临床诊疗决策过程中科学合理地使用哲学思维越来越显示其迫切性和必要性,这也是成为一个合格临床肿瘤医生的重要前提和基础。如何训练、怎样训练临床医生的哲学思维能力是每个临床医生需要面对的重要课题,本文结合恶性肿瘤的临床诊疗决策过程中可能应用的哲学思维方法,具体分析这些哲学方法的应用策略,让临床医生在肿瘤诊疗决策中能够做到谋而后动。     

科学临床思维与临床决策

临床医学不仅是经验科学,更是思维和决策的科学,养成科学的临床思维方式是每位医生的首要目标.本文介绍科学临床思维的理论基础和训练方法,进一步阐述科学临床决策的实施步骤,以提高医生的临床思维能力,使其思维真实与病人的客观真实相统一,以便更好地为病人服务.     

科学临床思维与临床决策

临床医学不仅是经验科学,更是思维和决策的科学,养成科学的临床思维方式是每位医生的首要目标。本文介绍科学临床思维的理论基础和训练方法,进一步阐述科学临床决策的实施步骤,以提高医生的临床思维能力,使其思维真实与病人的客观真实相统一,以便更好地为病人服务。     

构建科学的冠心病介入治疗临床决策

临床决策已成为临床医学的重要内容,但目前还为许多冠心病介入医生所忽视。阐述了临床决策的概念,分析了冠心病介入治疗决策中存在的问题及原因,探讨了如何构建科学的冠心病介入治疗决策,为冠心病介入治疗合理应用提供科学的决策方法。     

临床医生对患者参与临床决策的可行性调查与分析

在临床决策中,决策者将面临包括生物、心理、社会方面的更多信息。同时随着医疗费用的增长、医学科学的不确定性、患者知识的提高、参与意识的增强、因特网的普及等促使临床决策更加困难。为了更好地促进患者参与临床决策,提高医疗服务质量,我们采用自拟问卷调查表随机对273名四川大学华西医院的临床医生进行调查。了解临床医生对患者参与治疗决策的困难与态度,分析影响患者参与临床决策的因素,为促进医患共享临床决策提供循证依据。     

构建科学的冠心病介入治疗临床决策

临床决策已成为临床医学的重要内容,但目前还为许多冠心病介入医生所忽视.阐述了临床决策的概念,分析了冠心病介入治疗决策中存在的问题及原因,探讨了如何构建科学的冠心病介入治疗决策,为冠心病介入治疗合理应用提供科学的决策方法.     

论开展亲属活体供肾移植的风险与对策

在临床决策中,决策者将面临包括生物、心理、社会方面的更多信息。同时随着医疗费用的增长、医学科学的不确定性、患者知识的提高、参与意识的增强、因特网的普及等促使临床决策更加困难。为了更好地促进患者参与临床决策,提高医疗服务质量,我们采用自拟问卷调查表随机对273名四川大学华西医院的临床医生进行调查。了解临床医生对患者参与治疗决策的困难与态度,分析影响患者参与临床决策的因素,为促进医患共享临床决策提供循证依据。     

临床决策的边界

探讨临床决策之边界,以期为临床医生合理决策提供参考。临床决策是日常医疗工作的核心内容,医生是临床决策的制定者和施行者。决策过程中,医生需综合考量多种因素,如病人的临床状况和真正需要解决的临床问题、法律法规、伦理和社会因素、诊疗规范和指南、经验总结、个案和基础研究、团队的技术能力、专业标准和临床预期等,这些因素组成了临床决策的基本边界,同时,这个边界会随着医学、文化、经济、社会的发展而变化。     

对影响“临床决策”负面因素的剖析与探讨

临床决策是医疗实践过程中的中心环节,直接关系到病人的治疗效果。在决策形成和实施过程中受到各方面因素的制约,主要包括两个方面医生自身方面因素,如医生素质、技术水平、决策思维能力等;医生自身以外的因素,如卫生政策、药品及其它医疗器材的流通环节、医保制度、医院经营方针,其它因素如社会、伦理、法律、经济等无不影响着医疗决策的正确实施。因此,要排除干扰,努力实施科学的临床决策,不仅要加强医生本身的素质和技术层面的培养和提高,更需要全社会、患者和广大公众给予理解和支持。     

临床决策与卫生政策

从讨论趋利性临床决策与泛企业化卫生政策的共同作用是造成我国医改失败的根本原因入手,在对3个典型案例进行深入剖析的基础上,论证了临床决策和卫生政策相互依存、相互作用的基本关系;研究了临床决策与卫生政策的决策主体、影响因素、决策过程、信息反馈、关系调整的循环路径;认为完善决策机制是保证临床决策和卫生政策正确有效的必要条件,提出了进一步完善临床决策和卫生政策的决策机制的具体意见和建议。     

Prognosis in medicine: An analysis of its meaning and rôles

The medical concept of prognosis is analysed into its basic constituents: patient data, medical intervention, outcome, utilities and probabilities; and sources of utility and probability values are discussed. Prognosis cannot be divorced from contemplated medical action, nor from action to be taken by the patient in response to prognostication. Regrettably, the usual decision-theoretic approach ignores this latter aspect. Elicitation of utilities, decision contemplation and prognostic counselling interweave, diagnostics playing a subsidiary role in decision-oriented clinical practice. At times the doctor has grounds for withholding information. As this is known to the patient, prognostic counselling becomes a conflict-prone and rationality-thwarting activity. The meaning of standard phrases such as “prognosis of a disease”, “the prognosis of this patient”, “the prognosis is unknown”, is examined.     

Current perspectives in medical image perception

Medical images constitute a core portion of the information a physician utilizes to render diagnostic and treatment decisions. At a fundamental level, this diagnostic process involves two basic processes: visually inspecting the image (visual perception) and rendering an interpretation (cognition). The likelihood of error in the interpretation of medical images is, unfortunately, not negligible. Errors do occur, and patients’ lives are impacted, underscoring our need to understand how physicians interact with the information in an image during the interpretation process. With improved understanding, we can develop ways to further improve decision making and, thus, to improve patient care. The science of medical image perception is dedicated to understanding and improving the clinical interpretation process.     

Le consentement du patient aux actes de secours lors d’interventions extrahospitalières

The acquirement of a person's consent to the medical care that is proposed to a patient is an absolute basic principle in rescue health care. This is mandatory for first arrival rescuers ; especially since their actions are, in view of the French Emergency Medical Service call centers, considered as being a medical act. The basic principle of consent to first medical care hence imposes itself as a humanitarian act as well as preventing any potential litigation. Nevertheless there are numerous situations where the management of the consent of the person in need of non-medical assistance will present difficulties. It is the necessary to analyze how the rescue health care system can manage and limit the risks s linked to the different situations when treatment is refused by the person in need of such help ; and this so as to respect the individual's dignity whilst not abandoning the needed health care. A collaboration between rescue personnel and the call center coordinating medical doctor is then mandatory especially when no consent is obtained. This will enable the detection of hypotheses where the individual's lucidity is altered and implement proportionately required and helpful measures. It will also equally enable the transmission of efficient information to the patient, in relation to the matter of patient consent and to ensure that the patient is aware of the consequence of his or her decision and that this decision was fully expressed. It would hence be deemed useful that the referenced work frame and recommendations, pertaining to the emergency rescue of a person, established by the General Management of Public Safety and Crisis Management detail more in detail these difficult and delicate situations so as to ensure that rescue personnel can better anticipate them. To conclude were commend a formalization of procedures that could be implemented in situations where a patient that has full mental capacities refuses the proposed health care, and we give the advantages of such a procedure be discussed.     

La décision médicale et la relation médecin–patient en oncologie

The announcement of the cancer diagnosis and his treatment is an important moment in the set up of the doctor–patient relationship. The law of contracts has long governed the relationship between the doctor and the patient. But the legislature clearly demonstrated its will to consider the patient as full actor of his health, leaving the regime of medical decision, the shared decision. This shared decision is based on an obligation to inform the patient on his health and knows many exceptions (minor patients or adults under guardianship, emergency). In Oncology, the medical decision is a decision coordinated between doctors in the multidisciplinary consultation meetings. This decision is considered as a guarantee of the quality of the medical care. It does not preclude the time of the doctor–patient relationship.     

The Importance of Fostering Ownership During Medical Training

There is a need to consider the impact of the new resident-hours regulations on the variety of aspects of medical education and patient care. Most existing literature about this subject has focused on the role of fatigue in resident performance, education, and health care delivery. However, there are other possible consequences of these new regulations, including a negative impact on decision ownership. Our main assumption of is that increased shift work in medicine can decrease ownership of treatment decisions and impact negatively on quality of care. We review some potential components of decision ownership in treatment context and suggest possible ways in which the absence of decision ownership may decrease the quality of medical decision making. The article opens with the definition of decision ownership and the overview of some contextual factors that may contribute to the development of ownership in medical residency. The following section discusses decision ownership in medical care from the perspective of “diffusion of responsibility.” We question the quality of choices made within narrow decisional frames. We also compare isolated and interrelated choices, assuming that residents make more isolated decisions during their shifts. Lastly, we discuss the consequences of decreased decision ownership impacting the delivery of health care.     

医疗决策的程序公正

由于社会满足不了所有的医疗需求,医疗决策问题变成了确定医疗的限度问题。由于社会对于限度决定很难获得共识,医疗决策要通过公正的程序获得。医疗决策不能由某个人或某个团体或权力机构做出,而应该通过民主协商来做出,否则,人们会质疑医疗决策的合法性。     

A mathematical approach for establishing treatment priorities among patients

Medical decision making often utilizes subjective observations to arrive at concrete judgments. The decisions frequently affect who receives scarce medical treatments and, thus, who lives or dies. In this paper, a model health status index is described. It is specific for the problem of choosing patients for hemodialysis or transplantation. Such a health status index may be designed for any medical decision involving such issues as drug treatment priorities, identification of salvageable patients, and selection of patients for scarce medical treatment. This index (1) incorporates a physician's own medical criteria and values, (2) can be modified as the data base improves, (3) assures consistency from decision to decision, and (4) can be developed and used without the help of a mathematician or computer.     

经济学评价在临床决策中的应用探讨

医生在临床工作中做出明确诊断,并据此给予有效的处理均属于决策过程。制定决策的整个过程,同时也是进行决策思维的过程。近年来,高新技术的迅猛发展以及医疗费用急剧增加,使制定决策更加复杂。如何进行正确的决策思维,做出最切实可行的和最佳的决策,对避免决策的盲目性具有重要的现实意义。