Testpsychologische Ansätze der Beschwerdenvalidierung

The presence of cognitive impairment has been documented for a large number of diseases, conditions and mental disorders. Due to their impact on functioning in professional life and in everyday activities, there appears to be an increasing demand of qualified neuropsychological examinations in civil forensic contexts. While neuropsychological testing is the method of choice for determining the presence and the profile of cognitive impairment, it is easy to underperform in such tests. The authenticity of test results has to be thoroughly checked using modern approaches of symptom validity assessment. Without adequate validity checks, forensic psychological examinations are incomplete.     

Der Sinn Pessimistischer Sätze

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Psychoanalytisch begründete Ans?tze in der forensischen Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie

After many years where manualized mainly behaviour treatments dominated in forensic settings, psychodynamic therapies are gaining acceptance and are performed and evaluated more and more in forensic hospitals and in prisons. This encompasses individual, couple, family and group therapies. Individual and group analysts are starting to perform these tasks again, mostly as workers in forensic settings but also as external therapists and supervisors. All staff members are important in creating a therapeutic community based on group analytic principles. They are therefore required to build up a therapeutic attitude supported by regular external case and team supervision. Delictogenic situations occur in everyday life as well as in professional settings and are analysed mainly in group therapies, considering situations of the past and the effect on other people. Modern manualized analytical concepts, such as transference-focussed psychotherapy (TFP) and mentalization-based therapy (MBT) depthen the quality of therapeutic work of all professionals in forensic settings. The multimorbid and sometimes dangerous patients require good ethical and professional attitudes. The psychoanalytic concepts of defence and resistance, transference and countertransference are essential parts of changing internalization and corrective emotional experience, important parts of useful forensic treatments.     

Tractarian Sätze: Instructions for Use

Philosophia - The main question addressed by this article is this: How should one understand the role of the sentences of the Tractatus, given Wittgenstein’s statement that they are...     

Vergleich zweier diagnostischer Ans?tze zur Erfassung der Sexualfantasien p?dophiler M?nner

Two diagnostic approaches to measure sexual fantasies, the Wilson Sexual Fantasy Questionnaire (WSFQ; Wilson 1988, Sex Marital Ther 3:45) as a quantitative self-report measure and the qualitative content analysis categories for the fantasy content, have been examined regarding their quality and capability for identifying pedophilic fantasies. For this purpose 33 men from the general community were selected and compared with 24 adult men from the project ??Kein Täter werden?? (avoid being a perpetrator) at the Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité Clinical Center, Berlin, all fulfilling diagnostic criteria of pedophilia according to DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision) (American Psychiatric Association 2000, Washington). The examination revealed that the reliability of the WSFQ scales (Cronbach??s ??) varied between moderate and good. The interrater reliability coefficients of content analysis categories ranged between moderate and predominantly good and very good. The WSFQ identified a generalized impersonal character only as a main feature of pedophilic fantasies and proved to have limited capability for identification of specific contents of sexual fantasies of persons with these diagnoses. In contrast, content analysis categories allowed identification of a set of specific features of the fantasized partners, pedophilic men and the sexual contacts in addition to the age and prepubertal body of a preferential partner which might be traced back to the preference for prepubertal age. Replication studies are necessary for evaluation of the current findings on the basis of a representative sample of men with pedophilia. These findings might be of primary use for the diagnosis of pedophilia.     

Eine neue Theorie zum Geschwindigkeitstranspositionsphänomen

Zusammenfassung Zwei bestehende Theorien zur Geschwindigkeitstransposition werden diskutiert. Das sind die Theorie der Analogie von physikalischer und phänomenaler Geschwindigkeit sowie die Frequenzgleichstellungstheorie. Es wird gezeigt, daß beide Theorie die Geschwindigkeitstransposition nur unzureichend erklären. Eine neue Theorie wird vorgestellt, die auf dem Geschwindigkeitskonstanzphänomen aufbaut. Diese Theorie bietet eine Erklärung für bislang unver-ständliche Erscheinungen bei der Geschwindigkeitstransposition. Außerdem werden vier Experimente beschrieben, die eindeutig beweisen, daß die Geschwindigkeitstransposition nicht durch Frequenzgleichstellung entsteht. Demgegenüber stehen die Experimentalergebnisse nicht im Widerspruch zur Geschwindigkeitskonstanztheorie. Abschließend wird die Bedeutung dieser Theorie für ingenieurspsyehologische Fragestellungen im Bereich des See-, Land-, Luft- und Raumverkehrs sowie der Kinematographie diskutiert.

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A new theory about the velocity transposition phenomenon

Summary Two existing theories concerning the velocity transposition phenomenon are discussed: the theory of the analogy between physical and subjective velocity and the theory of frequency matching. It is shown that both theories are not able to explain the velocity transposition completely. A new theory is introduced which is based on constancy effects in the perception of velocity. This theory gives an explanation for those velocity transposition effects which have not been understood up to now. Moreover four experiments are described which clearly demonstrate that the velocity transposition phenomenon is not produced by frequency matching. On the other hand the experimental results are not contrary to the new theory of constancy. At last the importance of this theory for human engineering guidance in the field of sea, land, air and space traffic is discussed beside its value for the cinematographer.

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Diese Arbeit ist ein Teil aus der Zulassungsarbeit, die der Verfasser zur Diplomprüfung für Studierende der Psychologie am Psychologischen Institut der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt hat. Die Arbeit wurde durch Herrn Prof. Dr. phil. K. Pawlik genehmigt.     

Kriminalprognose bei Sexualstraftätern

Modern methods of risk assessment for sexual recidivism are reviewed, amongst others the statistical and the clinical approaches. The recidivism of sexual offenders is also strongly influenced by basic criminological risk factors like age, intelligence, former criminality, dissocial patterns and poor social integration. A further important risk factor is paraphilia. The analysis of the determining factors of previous sexual assaults is an essential basis for risk assessment. The different forms of sexual assaults are outlined under the aspect of risk assessment.     

Von der Triade zum triangulären Raum

The concepts of oedipal triangle and early triangulations emphasize the significance of triadic relational experiences as well as corresponding phantasies for the psycho-sexual development and for mental functioning in psycho-analytic view. The connection of these triadic concepts with a symbolic and cultural framework leads to a fourth pole. It is only through this extension of the triad by a fourth pole to which the triadic scene is relating to that we can speak of a “triangular space” (Britton). By this turn of the existing two-dimensional concepts of triangulation into a three-dimensional space of imagination the experience inside the triad is becoming connected with the outside world. Thus the familiaristic reduction of thinking in the two-dimensional triangle father-mother-child is suspended in favour of a view which makes it possible to describe aspects of therapeutic triangulation more precisely.     

I. Frege's ‘Kernsätze zur Logik’

The short fragment of Frege's Nachlass which bears the above title, given to it by the editors, is in fact a sequence of connected comments by him on the Introduction to Lotze's Logik, or, more exactly, a response by him to that Introduction. It is thus very probably the earliest piece of writing from Frege's pen on the philosophy of logic surviving to us, and, when it is read in this light, the motivation for its author's puzzling selection of remarks and the turns of phrase he employs become intelligible. We see here an early attempt by Frege to attain clarity about a topic that was to preoccupy him throughout his entire philosophical career, the nature of thoughts.     

Primärprävention bei Essstörungen

Zusammenfassung Essstörungen gelten als schwer therapierbar. Mit einer Mortalitätsrate von 5–16% ist Magersucht die schwerste psychosomatische Erkrankung bei Mädchen und jungen Frauen. In den letzten Jahren wurde daher verstärkt versucht, der Entstehung von Essstörungen durch präventive Maßnahmen entgegenzuwirken. Der Schwerpunkt liegt hierbei auf der Primärprävention im Rahmen von Schulprojekten. Hierfür liegen bereits ermutigende Wirkungs- und Qualitätsnachweise vor. Entsprechende Projekte stehen im Zentrum der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit. Diese stellt keinen Anspruch auf vollständige Darstellung, sondern ist ein Versuch der Systematisierung unterschiedlicher Herangehensweisen und soll durch die kurze Beschreibung möglichst prototypischer und evaluierter Beispiele einen Einblick in die derzeitige Praxis der Primärprävention von Essstörungen geben. Quellen der Übersicht sind die Datenbank der Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (BZgA), Veröffentlichungen in Fachzeitschriften sowie Internetauftritte. Da Art, Umfang und Umsetzung der Präventionsprogramme sehr von politischen Bedingungen und Voraussetzungen innerhalb des Gesundheits- und Bildungssystems abhängen, bleibt die Übersicht auf Programme aus dem deutschen Sprachraum beschränkt.     

Krankheitsbewältigung bei multipler Sklerose

Zusammenfassung Obwohl ein erheblicher psychosozialer Versorgungsbedarf bei Patienten mit multipler Sklerose (MS) unstrittig ist, stehen die theoretische Aufarbeitung belastender Aspekte des Krankheitsverlaufs wie die Entwicklung standardisierter Interventionsmaßnahmen nach wie vor am Beginn. In vorliegendem Beitrag werden Konzepte und Modelle der Krankheitsbewältigung als geeigneter theoretischer Bezugsrahmen charakterisiert. Im Anschluss an eine knappe Bestandsaufnahme von Versorgungsbedarf und vorhandenen Versorgungsansätzen werden zunächst kurz Modelle der Krankheitsbewältigung (Coping) vorgestellt, die zur Abbildung spezifischer belastender Folgen der MS geeignet erscheinen. Weiterhin werden in einer Befundübersicht neuere Ergebnisse bewältigungsorientierter Forschung dargestellt, die auch erste Berichte zur Evaluation von Bewältigungstrainings einschließen. Ferner werden Ziele und Techniken, die als Bausteine eines umfassenden Trainings zur Bewältigung von Folgen der MS unverzichtbar erscheinen, erörtert. Abschließend werden offene Forschungsfragen, die die Gestaltung von Bewältigungstrainings betreffen, diskutiert.     

Mentalisierungsdefizite bei stationären Patienten

Background

Fonagy (2009) considers the improvement of mentalization, understood as an element of structural change, as a global goal of psychotherapeutic treatment. Yet until now there is little knowledge about the mentalizing skills in clinical populations.

Material and methods

We examined the mentalizing skills in 201 patients on admission for complex psychotherapeutic inpatient treatment with the “Reading the mind in the eyes”-Test (RMET). We explored if there are diagnosis-related differences in the RMET and compared our findings to published data on the RMET in clinical and normal populations.

Results

Compared to normal populations our sample scored significantly lower in the RMET, however, no diagnosis-related differences were found.

Conclusions

Although our data are preliminary, psychotherapeutic inpatient treatment should consider the patients reduced mentalizing skills.     

Therapieresistente Depression bei älteren Patienten

Antidepressive monotherapy using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors leads to satisfactory remission in the first 4 weeks of therapy in only 40?% of clearly depressive patients. After unsatisfactory therapy with serotonin reuptake inhibitors the change to dual antidepressants is most common. An unsatisfactory response also to this second attempt at therapy is referred to as therapy resistance. Therapy resistant depression can necessitate changing to other antidepressants, such as classical cyclic antidepressants. Therapy attempts with atypical antidepressants, such as buproprion or mirtazapin or monotherapy with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor can be carried out; however, success of therapy in severely depressive patients still remains unsatisfactory in at least 20?% of cases even after several pharmacological approaches and even after psychotherapy or augmentation strategies (e.g. lithium and antipsychotics). It is less probable that bipolar depression will respond to antidepressive therapy than recurrent unipolar depression.