“非典（SARS）”应激反应模式及其特征

对中国17个省市1016人面对“非典”疫情的应激反应作了调查。“高发病率区”和“其它地区”的比较发现,在SARS应激反应结构方程模型中,二者有显著差异。而在情绪障碍结构方程模型中,二者无显著差异。所建立的SARS应激反应结构方程理论模型揭示,急性的应激反应中,恐慌是最重要的内容,其次是防御反应,对疫情的认知则起了一种重要的调节、抑制的作用。抑郁和焦虑作为一个人心理健康的指数,对急性的应激反应产生一定影响,而抑郁与焦虑对急性应激反应有更大影响。社会支持作为一种缓冲器与调节器,对SARS应激反应有值得注意的影响。研究揭示了高应激反应者的特征。高恐慌者有高抑郁、焦虑和低社会支持的显著特征;高防御者则有显著的高抑郁焦虑的特征,社会支持无差异;高认知者明显地有低抑郁、高社会支持的特征。     

性别视角下专业人员晋升路径及因素分析

本文采用事件史分析方法,分析了影响专业人员职称晋升的主要因素及两性在晋升上的共性和差异.研究发现:(1)女性专业人员有着不输于男性的副高和正高职称晋升及与男性相近的职称晋升轨迹.(2)相比于先赋性因素,自致性因素对专业人员职称晋升的影响更大.(3)相比其他影响因素,政治资本对专业人员职称晋升的影响减弱,对男性专业人员的正面影响比女性显著.(4)社会支持对于各类专业人员职称具有显著正面影响.(5)用更少时间成功晋升正高级职称的女性专业人员具有更趋现代的性别角色认知.     

“非典”流行期民众常见的心理应激反应与心理干预

该文介绍了传染性非典型性肺炎（严重的急性呼吸综合征,SARS）急性流行期我国民众较常见的心理应激反应,包括焦虑和恐惧、愤怒和怨恨以及抑郁等情绪反应,认知反应,自我防御反应和生理反应,描述了人们面对SARS威胁时的应对策略;探讨了当前影响民众心理反应的诸种因素,包括刺激事件或刺激情境的性质与特点,对事物的态度和认识评价,应对挑战的能力与应对方式,以及心理社会环境和人格特征等;指出了心理干预应当遵循的四个原则和多种形式,说明了6种心理干预的具体措施和方法。     

社会支持、应付方式对离退休人员心理健康的调节作用研究

本文对374名离退休人员进行了问卷研究,结果表明：(1)离退休人员的社会支持情况受文化程度和性别影响,高文化程度和低文化程度的离退休人员相比,前者所获得的客观支持、主观支持、支持利用度更多;男性离退休人员比女性获得的更多客观支持;(2)离退休人员的应付方式受文化程度影响,高文化程度的离退休人员与低、中文化程度的离退休人员相比,前者更多采用面对与探索应付方式,后者则更多采用幻想和退避应付方式;(3)社会支持、应付方式对离退休人员的心理健康有调节作用,社会支持总分及应付方式中的探索、淡化对心理健康起积极作用,而幻想和退避对心理健康起消极作用。     

儿童侵犯性性别差异的社会认知技能视角

影响侵犯性性别差异的因素众多,本研究认为的社会认知技能的性别差异与侵犯性性别差异有密切关系,认知技能是风险因素和行为之间的调节者。女性相比于男性侵犯性行为少与女性神经机制的发展缺陷概率小,生理成熟早,最终发展形成较男性更好的社会认知技能有密切关系。     

投资决策进化心理学的研究：预期的私人资金分配和父母对子女的差异性精力投入

投资决策的进化心理学研究着眼于辨认人类获得进化适应的特定环境中经常出现的典型性风险,探寻为了应对这些风险而进化出的信息处理机制,并验证现时的社会因素和个体因素对这些心理机制的激活或抑制作用。在研究一中,被试预测了与自己同龄的男人或女人如何分配一笔中彩的奖金给自己和其他可能的受益人。研究发现：（1）钱数的分配大体由亲缘关系的疏密程度决定;（2）两性被试都假想男性比女性更慷慨,但实际上男性表现得更自利;（3）女性被试预测男性中奖人的金钱分配比男性被试预测女性中奖人的金钱分配更为准确;（4）女性被试的受益人更多,分享的社会范围更广。研究二探讨了父母对子女投入精力的不同取决于家庭的相对财富而非绝对财富的进化心理学假说。用哺乳与否和生育间隔期为测量指标,研究结果显示：（1）家庭实际收入影响父母对子女的总投入;（2）与邻里家庭相比,父母对于自己家庭相对收入的认知影响了对子女有别的差异性精力投入。基于男性普遍在财富和生育数量上比女性有更大的变异度,投资儿子比投资女儿更具博弈性。两项研究表明,人类的理性决策既受限于社会关系又适应于相对的财富状况     

社会排斥情境下自我关注变化的性别差异

本研究关注社会排斥和性别在自我关注程度上的交互作用。结合社会排斥框架下的需求-威胁模型以及性别研究文献, 本研究提出社会排斥会威胁男性的效能需求和女性的关系需求, 并反映在自我关注程度的变化上。本研究进行了4个实验, 前两个实验证实遭遇社会排斥后男性自我关注程度上升, 而女性自我关注程度下降, 后两个实验检验了权力感操控和自我建构操控对于社会排斥影响的干扰作用, 实验结果对相关假设提供了支持。     

社会支持与企业下岗人员心理健康

研究结果显示,社会支持与企业下岗人员心理健康有着比较显著的相关关系,良好的社会支持能够在一定程度上降低企业下岗人员的心理应激反应;预防和控制心理障碍的产生和发展,保持心理健康。此外,研究还发现,下岗人员社会支持状况还与个体生物学特征(如性别)、心理特征(如个性)等因素相关。     

快乐感与社会支持的关系

采用量表法以304个成年人为被试研究了快乐感和社会支持的关系。差异检验表明,男性的正向情感和社会支持源显著多于女性;而女性对社会支持的利用度显著高于男性;在快乐感、负向情感和人际支持上没有显著的性别差异。回归分析表明,社会支持中的人际支持(主要包括配偶、父母、朋友、邻里、同事的支持)和支持利用度(包括遇到烦恼时对支持的利用以及团体参与程度)对快乐感、正向情感和负向情感具有较好的预测作用。     

社会交往对老年人认知功能的影响

社会交往是影响老年人认知功能的重要因素。社会交往主要包括社会网络, 社会支持和社会参与三方面。研究发现, 社会交往对老年人的认知功能具有积极的影响, 但是网络类型比网络规模更有利于揭示社会网络与认知功能的关系, 而且社会支持并非越多越好, 对于易感性人群而言, 适度的支持才能避免造成认知损伤。此外, 尽管社会参与能够对认知功能产生持续的保护作用, 但不同活动类型作用于不同的认知领域。未来研究应该继续深化社会网络类型的作用, 进一步考察社会支持与认知功能的中介和调节变量, 并同时关注社会活动对认知功能的干预研究。     

认知评价、心理控制感、社会支持与高考压力关系的研究

采用问卷法,随机选取河北省三类中学(重点、普通、私立)324名高三考生为被试,考察了学生对高考的认知评价、心理控制感、社会支持与高考压力的关系.结果表明:(1)重点中学、普通中学学生心理控制感显著高于私立中学学生,女生在社会支持的寻求上显著高于男生;(2)积极认知评价、心理控制感和社会支持与高考压力有显著负相关,而消极认知评价与高考压力有显著的正相关;(3)消极认知评价、心理控制感和社会支持对高考压力有直接影响;而积极认知评价通过心理控制感和社会支持间接影响高考压力.     

Effect of social support on the stress-burnout relationship

Business organizations have become interested in recent years in the role of social support in reducing the negative effect of stress. The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of two types of social support (i.e., job and life support) on the relationships between job and life stress and burnout. Participants consisted of 270 males and 254 females. For both males and females job stress and life stress correlate positively with burnout, while job and life support were negatively correlated with burnout. The hypothesis that social support would moderate stress-burnout relationships was not supported. Neither job support nor life support moderated job stress or life stress-burnout relationships. Females exhibited significantly higher levels of burnout, job stress, and life stress than males; however, there was no difference between males and females in the amount of social support received.     

领悟社会支持性别差异的元分析

研究采用元分析技术, 对采用Zimet“多维度领悟社会支持量表”调查中国人群领悟社会支持的58篇文献进行了元分析, 涉及样本总量为31286人(男性15279), 调查的时间跨度为2002~2014年。研究结果显示:(1)领悟社会支持有显著的性别差异, 女性在领悟社会支持总分、家庭内(外)支持、朋友支持及重要他人支持的得分均显著高于男性, 效果量d的取值范围为[-0.266,-0.183];(2)大学生领悟社会支持总分和领悟家庭支持的性别差异显著大于中学生。本研究结果对于探明中国人群中领悟社会支持的性别差异及其发展趋势具有一定的理论意义。     

Social Support in Academic Programs and Family Environments: Sex Differences and Role Conflicts for Graduate Students

We hoped to identify the sources and types of social support that are most beneficial for helping graduate students cope with stress. A second purpose of our study was to identify sex differences in stress and the most beneficial types of support. Students living in graduate student housing were surveyed to assess (a) social support in their academic programs and in their family environments, (b) recent stressful life events, and (c) depression and anxiety as psychological symptoms of stress. Women reported significantly more stress, more symptoms of stress, and significantly less support from their academic departments and family environments than did men. Family support had only buffering effects, but no direct effects on stress symptoms for women. Graduate program and family support had direct effects, but no buffering effects on stress symptoms for men. These results may indicate greater role strain for women, perhaps resulting from less support for their multiple roles and greater concerns about balancing academic and family demands.     

Coping and Psychological Distress as a Function of the Bully Victim Dichotomy in Older Children

While it has been well established that bullying and being bullied have negative psychological consequences for children, the more recent literature has suggested a more complex relationship based on social cognition. A debate has arisen as to whether bullies have deficits or strengths in social cognition. In a study of 236 children (112 males and 124 females) aged between 12 and 15 years the current research explored three main aspects of social cognition, problem-solving style, perceived control and optimism in both bullies and victims. The findings suggest that the debate may hinge on whether the bullies are also victims. In this study bullies had higher scores on problem-solving control while bully victims had the lowest scores. These variations corresponded to differences in psychological distress suggesting that bullies may have developed more effective coping strategies with the reverse being true for bully victims     

Poverty and Depressed Mood Among Urban African-American Adolescents: A Family Stress Perspective

We examined the role of family stress as a mediator of the relationship between poverty and depressed mood among 1,704 low-income, inner-city African- American adolescents. Nearly half of participants (47%) reported clinically significant levels of depressive symptoms. Being female, reporting higher levels of family stress, and scoring higher on a poverty index were significantly associated with increased reports of depressed mood. Family stress significantly mediated the relationship between poverty and adolescent depressed mood, explaining 50% of the total effect. Sex-specific analyses revealed that this relationship only held for females, and there was no direct relationship between poverty and depressed mood for males. Results lend further support to family stress theory, although they suggest that the model may be more relevant for females than males. Implications for community-based preventive intervention and social policy are discussed.     

Commentary: Reintegrating psychology into an expanded biopsychosocial model of severe acute respiratory syndrome

The Special Issue highlights the importance of psychology in the research agenda on severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The five articles examined relevant theories on social cognition and coping in the ecological context of the SARS outbreak. They provide preliminary tests to current psychological principles of coping and health psychology in a real crisis. The limitations of the studies are recognized. Other areas of psychological research on SARS are suggested. It is proposed that the biopsychosocial model of behavioral medicine could be expanded as a paradigm in public health to study and prepare for future emerging epidemics.     

人格情绪导向模式--对H管理理论的研究

本研究从《H管理理论》的人格情绪导向模式 (心理应激——情绪——社会支持——工作行为 )的角度出发 ,探讨了该模式所包含的这几个成分之间的关系 ,我们的研究发现工作应激在该模式中起着中介的作用 ,并对工作行为具有很强的影响 ,这为实际工作情境中的管理者提供了一定的借鉴