A Definition of Satire (And Why a Definition Matters)

There is a consensus that satire cannot be defined, but is best characterized by a cluster account. However, I argue that a cluster account does not acknowledge the artistically and politically significant distinction between real satire and some forms of frivolous topical comedy which are casually labeled ‘satire’ in international media contexts. To uphold this distinction, I introduce a weak proposal that satire is a genre which necessarily sets out to critique and entertain (with the qualification that these purposes necessarily interact, although neither is wholly instrumental to the other). I further argue that this proposal also provides necessary and sufficient conditions for a definition of satire.     

心理健康:维列鲁学派活动理论的诠释

依据维列鲁学派活动理论的基本观点,揭示了心理健康的本质在于个体主导其生命活动的有效性．在于心理系统对个体生命活动系统的有效管理;强调健康心理学是关于人生的实践智慧的学问,它的核心在于促进个体对其生命活动的有效管理,使其能采取正确的生活方式,对自己的生命承担起责任。     

心理健康：从系统资源管理的视角来看

从系统资源管理的视角来看,心理健康的基本内涵是个体对其生命活动管理的有效性,它分为5个基本的操作维度;心理健康的实践任务就在于促进个体对其生命活动的有效管理,使其能采取正确的生活方式,对自己的生命承担起责任。     

The Definition of Racism

ABSTRACT This essay considers definitions of racism which emphasise its behavioural, motivational, and cognitive features. The behavioural definition ('the failure to give equal consideration, based on the fact of race alone') is rejected, primarily due to its inability to distinguish between 'true'and 'ordinary'racism. It is the former which is morally most objectionable — and which identifies the essence of the racist attitude and belief. The central part of the essay argues in favour of the motivational approach to the definition ('the infliction of unequal consideration, motivated by the desire to dominate, based on race alone') and clarifies the way in which racism, thus understood, conflicts with the principle of human equality. Finally, the cognitivist definition ('unequal consideration, out of a belief in the inferiority of another race') is also rejected, despite its intuitive appeal. The overall discussion has important implications for moral philosophy. It is shown both that the principle of human equality does not strictly imply equal consideration, and that one may violate the principle of equal perception, yet not deny the principle which, from the perspective of this argument, is the more fundamental element in the principle of human equality, the principle of equal human worth.     

Mirroring,imitation, identification: the sense of self in relation to the mother's internal world

The phenomenon of neonatal imitation, and the use of mutual imitation by mother and baby in the service of attunement, are considered in relation to psychoanalytic theories of mirroring, imitation and identification. Material from infant observation and from the treatment of two children on the autistic spectrum is discussed in terms of the suggestion that developmental imitation implies a perceived position of balance between the external baby and the mother's supposed internal occupant. This is seen as making possible introjective identification and assimilation, with the enrichment of the sense of identity, in contrast to the kind of imitation involving mimicry, in which adhesive or projective identification may be operative.     

Problem behavior maintained by a precurrent relation

Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior is a well-established treatment for problem behavior in which the functional reinforcer is delivered after the occurrence of a replacement behavior and withheld after the occurrence of problem behavior. However, sometimes problem behavior continues to occur under these conditions, raising a question as to why problem behavior might maintain when its reinforcer is withheld. This study examined the possibility that problem behavior could be maintained indirectly in a precurrent relation. A functional analysis was conducted to identify a response-response relation between self-injurious behavior (SIB) and an alternative response. The results suggest that SIB was maintained by its relation with the alternative response.     

A Dynamic Definition of Creativity

The aim of this article was to review the definitions of creativity on which many previous studies have been based. Prior literature has merged creativity and creation into its understanding of the construct. By describing creativity with reference to its end result, that is, a creative outcome, theorists have not been able to pay attention to the dynamic process of creativity that may or may not lead to creation. This article reviews critical literature in creativity and departs from accepted definitions of creativity. Considering the various elements that are involved in creative acts, a dynamic definition is proposed; it emphasizes providing insights into the creative act itself, a factor that has been neglected in earlier definitions of creativity.     

生态心理学之界说

生态心理学目前还没有形成一种统一的范式,把它称为一种取向比把它称为一种学科更为合适,更能反映它内部复杂的现状,也更具包容性。生态心理学有广义和狭义之分,我们通常所说的是指狭义生态心理学。狭义生态心理学的两大理论核心是以巴克为代表和以吉布森为代表的理论范式,其他人的思想都基本上在整合和延伸他们的思想的基础上展开的。作为一种研究取向,可以把狭义生态心理学初步界定为：生态心理学是一种强调研究动物(人)-环境交互体的动态交互过程,尤其倾向于研究生态环境中的具有功能意义的心理现象的取向。     

Language: Definition and Metaphor

This paper argues that there is an urgent need for philosophers to convince educationalists of the practical value and the necessity of the philosophical task, particularly analysis. The nature of philosophical analysis is outlined in terms of the criteria of clarity, coherence, completeness and compatibility, which, it is argued, in turn lead to a degree of commonality. The tendency to substitute metaphor or analogy for analysis in argument is then considered, with illustrative reference to the idea of teaching as a craft. In the final section, it is suggested that resort to analogy is merely one example of a more general tendency to distance ourselves from the task of coming to grips with what is actually our field of interest, namely education.     

Toward a Definition of Work

Work is purposeful activity with a future orientation. Efficiency and specialization are essential characteristics of work which affect human values. Social identity and money reward are other significant aspects of work. Individual motivation to work is closely related to need for activity and opportunity for self-regulation. Non-work activities provide direct satisfaction of human needs and interests. Implications for vocational counseling, education, society, and the future are discussed briefly.     

On Primoratz's Definition of Terrorism

ABSTRACT In “What is terrorism?” Igor Primoratz defines ‘terrorism’ as “the deliberate use of violence, or threat of its use, against innocent people, with the aim of intimidating them, or other people, into a course of action they otherwise would not take.” I argue that this definition needs to be modified (1) by requiring that the harm or threat be to persons other than those intimidated, (2) by including aims which do not concern action, and (3) by distinguishing terrorists who know they are terrorists from those who do not.     

心理咨询中的“领悟”概念辨析

心理咨询理论和对咨询会谈中重要事件的研究都肯定了领悟在咨询中的重要地位。主流理论取向对领悟的理解并不完全一致,在领悟的概念、领悟的内容、领悟的方式上都存在一些差异,但新联结的建立是公认的领悟的实质。对领悟的分类和实证研究中对领悟的操作性定义,有助于更清晰准确地把握领悟的概念。对心理咨询中的领悟还没有一个非常准确的界定,文中尝试性地定义为:当事人在治疗师的辅助下采取各种方式,对自己和自己的世界形成新的觉知,表现为在个人意义系统中建立新的联结。