论伽达默尔诠释学中语言、理解与世界的相互归属性

诠释学的基本现象是,任何的陈述都应该被理解为对某个问题的回答。对话中的理解使人类的各种经验不断地被整合,这就形成了人类共同体。人类的所有经验都是在这样的视域移动和扩展中获得、修正和发展的。在这种过程中,人自身也在被获得的诠释学经验改变着。     

Supposition and Truth in Ockham's Mental Language

In this paper, Ockham's theory of an ideal language of thought is used to illuminate problems of interpretation of his theory of truth. The twentieth century idea of logical form is used for finding out what kinds of atomic sentences there are in OckhamÕs mental language. It turns out that not only the theory of modes of supposition, but also the theory of supposition in general is insufficient as a full theory of truth. Rather, the theory of supposition is a theory of reference, which can help in the determination of truth values within the scope of simple predications. Outside this area, there are interesting types of sentences, whose truth does not depend on whether the terms supposit for the same things or not for the same things.     

Semantics without Truth in Later Mohist Philosophy of Language

In this paper, I examine the concept of truth in classical Chinese philosophy, beginning with a critical examination of Chad Hansen’s claim that it has no such concept. By using certain passages that emphasize analogous concepts in the philosophy of language of the Later Mohist Canons, I argue that while there is no word in classical Chinese that functions as truth generally does in Western philosophy for grammatical reasons, the Later Mohists were certainly working with a notion of semantic adequacy in which a language-to-world relationship is made an object of investigation, challenging Hansen’s position that classical Chinese functions within a primarily pragmatic linguistic framework in which a language-to-user relationship determines the meaning of words.     

论伽达默尔对实践哲学和解释学的融合

对实践问题的思考贯穿了伽达默尔整个学术生涯,构成了他哲学思想的起点和归宿。实践哲学不仅影响了他的哲学解释学思想的形成,而且他还将哲学解释学应用于实践问题,发展出解释学的实践哲学。实践哲学和解释学在他的思想发展中是一种互动的、相互启发的关系。他对实践哲学和解释学的融合,可分为三个阶段。早期他通过对柏拉图的政治思想研究关注到理解和相互理解问题,此外海德格尔对《尼各马可伦理学》的阐释使其注意到实践智慧概念。在中期的代表作《真理与方法》中他通过实践智慧概念阐明解释学的应用问题。后期他通过将哲学解释学应用于对现代社会的反思,寻求对实践合理性的理解,希望以此来引导人们的生活,避免技术文明对人造成的异化。对实践哲学和解释学的融合体现伽达默尔作为一个人文知识分子的现实关怀,对于我们思考现代人的生存处境具有重要启发意义。     

理解的应用性与伽达默尔的"实践哲学走向"

如何看待伽达默尔(Hans-Georg Gadamer,1900～2002)中晚期哲学之间的关系?[1]这是近年来我国诠释学研究颇为关注的问题.严平先生认为,20世纪60年代末～70年代初,在与哈贝马斯的论战中,伽达默尔逐渐开始了从哲学诠释学到实践哲学的转向;[2]张能为先生也认为伽达默尔晚期哲学"实现了由理论解释学向实践解释学的转变,将解释学与实践哲学联系起来";[3]而何卫平先生则在肯定晚期实践哲学转向的同时,着重强调它"实现了从理解本体论向价值伦理学的转变".     

伽达默尔解释学在医学中的应用

对话和视域融合是伽达默尔解释学的核心问题,也是其医学解释学的基本观点。伽达默尔指出了技术医学在医疗实践中的局限性,并认为医学是一种治疗艺术,其目标是病人整体生活的美好,而不仅仅是治疗局部的疾病。在这种观念下,治疗过程被其视为一场医生和病人之间的解释性对话,目的是通过对话为病人健康提供服务的解释,而这种对话则是医生和病人的两种不同生活世界的融合。伽达默尔的医学解释学虽然同样面临着主体间性困难,但有助于反思现代医学的技术理性困境,并揭示一种医学帮助人寻求善的实践维度。

     

真的概念

弗雷格的语义学蕴涵了两个不可调和的推论:其一认为语句的意义先于命题,命题先于真,这种观点发展成为最少量论;其二认为真先于命题,因而也先于语句的意义,这种观点发展成为成真条件论.结合维特根斯坦的意义即用法的观点,得出的结论是:意义理论的核心概念并不是真,而是一个陈述得到证明的观念,意义理论并不必须采取成真条件论的形式.作为最少量论和成真条件论共同基础的奎因式语义转换原则是包含矛盾的.结合了语义转换原则和塔斯基真的定义的最少量论者必定排除戴维森式成真条件论.