实践的控制

实践是人的存在方式,实践造就了人。但这并不表明实践应该被人类奉为圣物而崇拜!当实践仅仅被当作工具理性和政治理性的代名词而对自然界及人类社会进行改造时,实践就有可能使人类陷入一个自己为自己设下的牢笼之中。因此,反思实践,控制实践,才能确保人类社会的和谐安宁和人与自然的可持续发展。     

Error Rates on Two Forms of the Self-Directed Search and Satisfaction With the Results

The number and type of scoring errors made on Holland's Self-Directed Search-R (SDS-R) are examined. Participants were high school juniors and seniors. The results indicate that although some errors were made, the SDS-R was perceived as a useful career assessment tool. Implications of the results are also discussed.     

Treating Youths With Selective Mutism With an Alternating Design of Exposure-Based Practice and Contingency Management

Selective mutism is a severe childhood disorder involving failure to speak in public situations in which speaking is expected. The present study examined 9 youths with selective mutism treated with child-focused, exposure-based practices and parent-focused contingency management via an alternating treatments design. Broadband measures of functioning were employed, but particular focus was made on behavioral assessment of words spoken audibly and daily in public situations. Treatment ranged from 8 to 32 sessions and resulted in positive end-state functioning for 8 of 9 participants. Broader analyses indicated greater effectiveness for exposure-based practice than contingency management. The results support recent case reports of behavioral treatment for this population but in more rigorous fashion. Clinical and research challenges are discussed, including caveats about length and intensity of treatment for this population and need to develop standardized daily measures.     

新形势下加强医疗质量管理的探讨

针对影响医疗质量的因素,寻找医疗质量管理的薄弱环节,进一步加强医疗质量管理工作,促进医疗质量的提高是当前一项非常重要的任务.     

Treatment Outcome Studies With Children: Principles of Proper Practice

This article addresses ethical issues in conducting randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with youth. Ethical considerations that occur prior to treatment (matters of research design, the risk–benefit ratio, issues concerning assent/consent, the influence of payment for participation), during treatment (issues of privacy, protocol adherence, premature termination), and following treatment (needs for posttreatment referrals and/or follow-up contacts, archiving of treatment data) are reviewed. Recommendations, based on empirical evidence and clinical experience, are offered for conducting ethical treatment research with youth and future directions for carrying out research on the ethics of conducting RCTs with youth are offered.     

Increased Sensitivity to Changes in Visual Feedback With Practice

In recent work investigating motor learning, the focus has been on the effect of modifying feedback at different levels of learning. Results suggest that learning is specific to the practiced conditions and that this specificity increases with practice. In a replication and extension of this previous work, 3 groups (N = 30 subjects) practiced a sequential positioning movement: Controls performed 300 trials with visually presented on-line kinematic feedback, whereas the other 2 groups, low practice (LP) or high practice (HP), performed, respectively, 50 or 300 trials without feedback. Pretest and posttest sessions of 10 trials each were performed with the on-line feedback. All groups improved with practice. It was apparent that the HP group exhibited more of a performance decrement in the postest than the LP group did, suggesting that motor learning is the process of forming an increasingly specific sensorimotor representation. These results have implications for motor learning paradigms, models of motor learning, and training.     

关于理论与实践相结合问题研究提纲

一切科学理论都存在与实践相结合的问题 ,马克思主义理论也是如此。理论与实践的结合具有丰富的内涵的 ,它们是双向的互动的 ,不仅理论要与实践结合 ,实践也要与理论结合。实现理论与实践的结合 ,在操作层次上最主要的是制订实践观念 ,沟通理论联系实际的桥梁。理论与实践的结合 ,是以多者之间保持一个恰当的距离为前提的 ,这是结合的辩证要求     

Development of Multiple Movement Representations With Practice: Specificity Versus Flexibility

The question addressed in the present experiment was whether an individual who practices a task under different conditions of afferent information develops different movement representations, each of which is based on the most accurate source of afferent information for movement control. In Experiment 1, participants (N = 23) performed a manual aiming movement in a target-only condition for 520 trials before performing in a normal vision condition for an equivalent amount of practice. Control groups performed all practice trials in either a normal vision or a target-only condition. The results revealed that the movement representation developed in the initial (target-only) practice phase remained accessible for movement planning and control. The results of Experiment 2 indicated, however, that participants did not maintain such a representation when their initial practice in the target-only condition was reduced (40 or 160 trials) before they had extensive practice in normal vision. Those results indicate that extensive practice in a target-only and then in a normal vision condition enables an individual to plan and control his or her movement on the basis of the most efficient source of available afferent information. Because visual afferent information provides optimal information for ensuring movement accuracy, however, if initial practice in the target-only condition is only modest or moderate it is likely that that information source will progressively dominate all other sources of afferent information for movement planning and control.     

Working With Couples and Substance Abuse: Recommendations for Clinical Practice

Misuse of alcohol and drugs is widespread in modern society with the associated emotional and physical tolls on individuals, couples, and families. Yet, many therapists do not assess nor address substance misuse when clients do not identify it as a presenting problem. This article presents an overview of the literature on key aspects of couples and substance use and makes important clinical recommendations for mental health professionals who work with couples that struggle with substance use.     

Social Problem-Solving Training With Children: A Guide to Effective Practice

School-based, social problem-solving (SPS) training with children offers promise both for the prevention and remediation of social maladjustment. This article describes the SPS approach and offers rationales for its integration into the school curriculum. Illustrative SPS programs are next reviewed and compared in terms of relative strengths and application potential. Practical guidelines are offered for conducting of effective SPS interventions jointly by school mental health and teaching staffs. The article concludes with a brief consideration of future applied SPS research directions.     

品管圈在持续改进护理质量管理中的实践与探索

应用科学的管理工具使经验性管理逐渐转向科学化管理是提高护理质量管理水平的关键.近年来,品管圈(quality control circles,QCC)作为一种科学的管理工具逐渐被引入护理质量管理中.2013年初我院护理部组织成立了"外科品管圈推动小组",推动开展QCC,督促指导临床护理单元成立了9个品管圈.QCC的开展促进了临床护士主动参与管理的意识,掌握并运用现代质量管理的手段和工具,共同发现和解决问题,用实证改善临床的管理,掌握科学化的管理技能,不断提高临床护理质量.     

试论我国病人权利保护机制的完善

保护病人的权利直接关系到人权保障,已成为社会热点问题.在分析我国病人权利保护的现状和存在问题的基础上,提出了在制度、观念、社会自治等层面如何改进的举措,主要包括推进医院管理体制改革、法律规范的完善、健全行业自治规范、推进社会自治、建设和谐医患关系等方面.     

论实践概念的三个层次

实践概念的含义在中西方都有一个逐渐演变的过程,在这一复杂的演变过程中,逐渐形成了实践概念的三个层次的含义:形上的实践概念、道德的实践概念和经验的实践概念.建议在今后的实践哲学讨论中,学者们对自己是在何种层次上使用实践概念要有明确的意识,并作出清晰的界定,反对像以往那样抽象的使用实践概念.     

An Investigation of Current Practice in Dealing With Child Sexual Abuse in Ireland

In this study, the authors sought to ascertain current practices for dealing with child sexual abuse in Ireland. The implications for the differing responses of social workers and psychologists were considered.     

Translating Research for Professional Development and Effective Clinical Practice With Older Adults

This paper offers a commentary on the articles in the special series on cognitive behavior therapy with older adults (Carmin, 2012-this issue), noting the commonalities found across discussions of diagnostic interviewing and cognitive-behavioral assessment and treatment for late-life insomnia, depression and suicide risk, PTSD, and OCD. These case studies demonstrate best practices in the application of cognitive-behavioral strategies for assessment and intervention with a diverse range of older adults. Clinicians can improve the effectiveness of their work with aging clients by expanding their skills in assessment and managing interprofessional relationships in integrated health-care settings. Reflected by the papers in this series, ongoing professional development and research attention are both essential as clinicians from the mental health disciplines increase provision of CBT with older adults. Treatments for specific disorders and problems will also benefit from the growing literature on successful aging, and the application of positive psychology in our future collaborations with older adults and their care partners.     

On Revolutionizing the Theory and Practice of Psychotherapy

The original concepts psychological hurt and therapeutic catharsis are proposed as the basis for a revolutionary change in the theory and practice of psychotherapy. Psychological hurt, understood as any residual interference with psychological functioning from an adverse event(s), is proposed as the irreducible cause of any such difficulty. Therapeutic catharsis is proposed as the optimal healing process for psychological hurt. Such a transformational view of the theory and practice of psychotherapy is deemed as necessary because of the lack of unequivocal answers to the following fundamental questions: What causes psychological problems? What resolves them in the most optimal way?