小学生快速阅读训练的实验研究

该研究以小学四年级学生为被试,经过对实验班十八周的快速阅读训练,使学生初步掌握快速阅读的技能,探索通过快速阅读训练提高小学生阅读速度和学习成绩的可能性及快速阅读训练对小学生眼动模式的影响。结果发现(1)快速阅读训练可以在一定程度上使小学生提高阅读速度;(2)快速阅读训练可以在一定程度上提高小学生的考试成绩;(3)通过快速阅读训练,可以有效地 减少阅读时间、注视次数和回视次数。     

On the Relation Between the Experimental Analysis of Human Behavior and Applied Behavior Analysis

The Psychological Record -     

Preventing Reading Difficulties: Reading Between the Lines

Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children, the report of the Committee on the Prevention of Reading Difficulties in Young Children sponsored by the National Research Council, provides a comprehensive examination of the reading process and of reading instruction in the early grades. Although lacking in several areas, such as the development of fluency, appropriate practices for students with learning disabilities, and recommendations for teacher education, the report is based on sound research and is likely to have a substantial impact on the field of reading.     

心率变异性与人格的神经质之间关系研究

本研究探讨心率变异性（HRV）特征在高水平应激条件下对神经质水平的区分力。研究选取200名被试以大五人格量表测量情绪稳定性,实施了应激诱发实验,利用光体积扫描传感器采集被试者HRV指标;利用LASSO回归分析筛选参数构建对神经质的预测模型。结果显示：模型的预测数据与神经质得分高低显著正相关;不同阶段内预测数据与神经质得分显著正相关;两两比较中实验条件阶段与其他阶段预测值差异显著。研究表明,在高应激条件下,HRV是人格神经质较好的预测指标。     

The Genetic Association Between ADHD Symptoms and Reading Difficulties: The Role of Inattentiveness and IQ

Previous studies have documented the primarily genetic aetiology for the stronger phenotypic covariance between reading disability and ADHD inattention symptoms, compared to hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms. In this study, we examined to what extent this covariation could be attributed to “generalist genes” shared with general cognitive ability or to “specialist” genes which may specifically underlie processes linking inattention symptoms and reading difficulties. We used multivariate structural equation modeling on IQ, parent and teacher ADHD ratings and parent ratings on reading difficulties from a general population sample of 1312 twins aged 7.9–10.9 years. The covariance between reading difficulties and ADHD inattention symptoms was largely driven by genetic (45%) and child-specific environment (21%) factors not shared with IQ and hyperactivity-impulsivity; only 11% of the covariance was due to genetic effects common with IQ. Aetiological influences shared among all phenotypes explained 47% of the variance in reading difficulties. The current study, using a general population sample, extends previous findings by showing, first, that the shared genetic variability between reading difficulties and ADHD inattention symptoms is largely independent from genes contributing to general cognitive ability and, second, that child-specific environment factors, independent from IQ, also contribute to the covariation between reading difficulties and inattention symptoms.     

维-汉双语词句阅读顺序对阅读速度的影响

该研究通过采用维-汉两种语言不同书写顺序呈现的词组和句子为实验材料,考察其对维-汉双语者阅读加工速度的影响,为了解维-汉语阅读加工的规律,推动西部双语教学提供科学依据。研究结果表明:(1)在词组水平,对维语的加工速度显著快于汉语,顺意阅读的加工速度要显著快于逆意,按加工速度的快慢顺序为:维语顺意,维语逆意,汉语顺意和汉语逆意词组;(2)在句子水平,维-汉语之间的加工速度无差异显著,但顺意加工速度要显著快于逆意阅读,其快慢顺序为:维语顺意,汉语顺意,汉语逆意和维语逆意句子。这表明词组与句子水平的阅读顺序在不同语言对阅读速度有不同的影响。     

汉语阅读过程潜在成分及其性质检验

该研究旨在验证汉语阅读过程也包含单词识别能力和语言理解能力两个潜在的独立成分,且二者之间存在显著相关,进而从理论上为采用"成分模型"实施汉语阅读障碍检测及亚类型鉴定提供实证支持,同时也为教育工作者和实践者针对儿童阅读成分缺陷采取干预补救策略提供指导性信息;文章采用测验法对小学3、4、5年级儿童实施五项语言技能测验,研究结果表明汉语阅读过程也包含单词识别能力和语言理解能力两个潜在的独立成分,单词识别能力和语言理解能力两个变量之间存在显著相关。     

The Relation of Guidance to the Teaching of Reading

Counselors concerned with the preventive aspect of their work will suggest to administrators ways of improving reading instruction. They will stimulate, encourage, and assist teachers in improving their instruction in reading. The counselor will assist the reading teacher in identifying and grouping students who need special instruction in reading. If the counselor has had preparation in the teaching of reading, he can work with cases in which guidance problems turn into reading problems. There are many advantages in preparing dual specialists-counselors who have acquired competence in working with reading problems, and reading specialists and consultants who have some competence in personnel work.     

语音意识、快速命名与中文阅读

本研究考察了语音意识、快速命名与中文阅读的关系．一系列回归分析发现．语音意识对中文读字、中文默字和快速阅读理解的解释量大于快速命名。快速命名先进入方程时对一分钟读字有更大的解释量。控制发音速度对一分钟读字的影响后,快速命名和语音意识对一分钟读字的解释量减小。这些结果说明．与语音意识相比,快速命名对中文阅读有独立的、微弱的影响。文章讨论了语音意识和快速命名与中文阅读的关系,并根据实验结果分析了快速命名的认知结构。     

Liberalism and Conservatism,for a Change! Rethinking the Association Between Political Orientation and Relation to Societal Change

According to common wisdom, which is supported by extant psychological theorizing, a core feature of political conservatism (vs. liberalism) is the resistance to (vs. acceptance of) societal change. We propose that an empirical examination of the actual difference in political liberals’ and conservatives’ attitudes toward change across different sociopolitical issues may call into question this assumed association between political orientation and relation to change. We examined this proposition in four studies conducted in Germany. In Study 1, we assessed lay people's intuitions about liberals’ and conservatives’ attitudes toward change. Results of this study concur with theoretical assumptions that liberals accept and conservatives resist change. In Study 2a, Study 2b, and Study 3, self‐identified liberals and conservatives were asked whether they would resist or accept change on various sociopolitical issues. Results of these studies suggest that both conservatives and liberals resist and accept societal changes, depending on the extent to which they approve or disapprove of the status quo on a given sociopolitical issue. Overall, our findings provide no evidence for a one‐directional association between political orientation and the tendency to accept or resist change. These findings therefore challenge theoretical and lay assumptions regarding general, context‐independent psychological differences underlying political ideologies.     

The Country's Crime Rate Moderates the Relation Between Authoritarian Predispositions and the Manifestations of Authoritarianism: A Multilevel,Multinational Study

We performed a multilevel, multinational test of Stenner's model on authoritarianism using the 2008 European Values Survey dataset (N = 55 199, nested in 38 nations). We focussed on the effects exerted on four authoritarian manifestations (racial intolerance, political intolerance, negative attitudes towards immigrants, and moral intolerance) by the cross‐level interaction between participants' authoritarian predispositions (assessed in terms of childrearing values) and their country's crime rate. Associations between authoritarian predispositions and racial intolerance, political intolerance, negative attitudes towards immigrants, and moral intolerance were significantly stronger among participants living in countries characterised by high crime rates than those among participants living in countries with low crime rates. Limitations, implications, and future directions of this study are discussed. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology.     

Clarifying the Relation Between Extraversion and Positive Affect

This article clarifies two sources of ambiguity surrounding the relation between extraversion and positive affect. First, positive affect is defined differently across major models of the structure of affect. Second, no previous research has examined potentially diverging associations of lower‐order aspects of extraversion (i.e., assertiveness and enthusiasm) with positive affect. Australian (Study 1: N = 437, 78% female, M_age = 20.41) and American (Study 2: N = 262, 39% female, M_age = 33.86) participants completed multiple measures of extraversion and positive affect. Correlations were employed to examine relations among these measures. In both studies, extraversion was most clearly associated with positive affect as conceptualized within a major factor model of affect—specifically, as positive activation (Watson & Tellegen, 1985)—rather than the valence‐based conceptualization of positive affect provided by a circumplex model of affect (Russell, 1980). This was also the case for the assertiveness and enthusiasm aspects of extraversion. Our findings clarify the nature of the positive affective component of extraversion, which is best described in terms of both positive valence and high activation.     

论儿童的心理理论与执行功能的关系

以错误 信念任务和表面 现实任务为主要测量手段的大量心理理论研究的结果表明,儿童的心理理论大约在4岁左右才能形成。儿童的心理理论为什么不能在4岁之前形成?研究者利用执行功能的缺乏来解释这种现象。研究表明,抑制控制、规则使用、工作记忆等可能均是与心理理论相关的一些执行成分,但这些观点均受到不同程度的质疑。因此,关于心理理论和执行功能的关系,还需要开展大量的后续研究。新近提出的关于"冷"执行功能和"热"执行功能的区分,也许是进一步探讨心理理论和执行功能关系的新途径。     

类别空间关系加工系统和数量空间关系加工系统的分离 ——来自多领域的研究证据

Kosslyn认为人类的空间关系加工系统分为类别空间关系加工子系统和数量空间关系加工子系统,这两个子系统不仅存在功能上的分离,并且存在大脑神经水平的分离,这种神经水平的分离表现为两种空间关系加工的大脑半球偏向,即类别空间关系加工的左半球偏向与数量空间关系加工的右半球偏向。对两种空间关系加工的研究,涉及的领域从低水平的空间知觉,至表象、记忆、语言、行动及物体识别等,涉及的研究方法包括半视野速示法,神经网络模拟,PET, fMRI, ERP, rTMS,脑损伤病人的研究及比较动物研究。综合现有研究,虽然大多数研究中得到的脑半球偏向为两种加工子系统在神经水平的分离提供了证据,但不同研究中脑半球偏向的获得是相当不稳定的,并且受到研究方法因素的影响。尽管造成神经水平的分离似乎与大脑左右半球对具有不同感受野特征的神经元输出的偏向有一定的关系,但这仍需要进一步的研究证据     

中学生阅读动机与阅读时间、阅读成绩的关系研究

采用问卷调查法对３５３名初、高中学生的阅读动机、阅读时间及阅读成绩进行了调查,结果发现：１．中学生的阅读动机是多维度的,包括内部动机、外部动机、社会性动机与自我效能,它们之间相互影响、相互联系;２．中学生阅读动机水平的高低与阅读时间、阅读成绩存在极为显著的正相关,其中,内部动机对中学生阅读时间、阅读成绩的影响要大于其它因素的影响;３．中学生的阅读动机发展特点具有性别帮年级差异,趋势是初中生优于高中     

The Association Between Sense of Humor and Trauma-Related Mental Health Outcomes: Two Exploratory Studies

Two studies (n?=?73, n?=?132) explored the association between sense of humor and trauma-related well-being outcomes. It was found that sense of humor was not associated with reports of posttraumatic growth as measured by the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). Self-enhancing humor was positively associated with positive changes as measured by the CiOQ-P. Benign humor styles were associated negatively with emotion regulation difficulties and negative changes (CiOQ-N). Self-defeating humor was associated positively with negative changes, avoidant states, and emotion regulation difficulties. The results suggest that self-enhancing humor could be helpful in order to cope with trauma.     

Examining Associations Between Reading Motivation and Inference Generation Beyond Reading Comprehension Skill

The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between reading motivation and inference generation while reading. Undergraduate participants (N = 69) read two science articles while thinking aloud, completed a standardized reading comprehension assessment, and self reported their habitual reading motivation. Findings indicate that overall reading motivation, one component of intrinsic motivation (reading as a sense of self), and one component of extrinsic motivation (reading to do well in other realms) were positively associated with text-connecting inference generation independent of reading comprehension skill. These findings are discussed in the context of standards of coherence.     

Reading Cultural Studies of Medicine

This article introduces cultural studies of medicine to medical humanities readers. Rather than offer extended definitions of cultural studies of medicine or provide a detailed history of the domain, I have organized this introduction around a close reading and review of three recently published texts in the field. These three texts, dealing respectively with “cyborg” technology, AIDS, and the medical “management” of sexual identity problems, represent excellent examples of the opportunities and possibilities of applying cultural studies approaches to medical topics. After working through these texts (and the semiotic “theories” which animate them), I devote my conclusion to a broader consideration of the role of cultural studies of medicine for both medical practice and medical humanities scholarship.