罗尔斯代际正义理论与其一般正义论的矛盾与冲突

罗尔斯自己说过,“将正义延伸到包括我们对未来各代人的义务(包括正义储存的问题)”,是他的正义理论所遇到的四个难题之一。正义的储存原则是代际正义的主要内容,但是,“至少在目前我们不可能对应当有多高的储存率制定出精确的标准。资金积累和提高文明、文化水准的费用如何在代际之间被分担的问题看来不容有明确的回答”。所以,代际正义问题“使伦理学理论受到了即使不是不可忍受也是极严重的考验”[1]。通过对罗尔斯的代际正义理论与其一般正义论的对比分析,我们将会发现,罗尔斯的这一意味深长、耐人寻味的表白或许主要源于这样一个事实,…     

从矛盾辩证法到和谐辩证法 --辩证法的历史变迁

本文构建社会主义和谐社会的最新提法为契机,系统地考察了自黑格尔以来辩证法在马克思主义视域中的历史变迁,提出了与和谐社会相适应的和谐辩证法的新概念。和谐辩证法是对矛盾辩证法的继承和发展,是时代精神和建设中国特色社会主义实践的深厚的思想积淀,承认对立面的肯定因素、实现对立面的结合和双赢等是和谐辩证法的基本内涵。     

相对概念之调适

相对之原理见于大易“一阴一阳之谓道”。阴阳,宇宙相对之二大动能也。此两种相对不同之势用,互为消长、依存,推动宇宙、人生,乃有今日之大千世界。凡事物皆有正反两面,故有利则有害,有是则有非;利害同一体也,是非同一体也。于生死、寿夭、成败、得失莫不皆然,宇宙万有无不在相对原理之中,人则茫然而不知,此易学之妙用也。本文特举相对概念之大者：一曰善恶,二曰是非,三曰祸福,四曰生死,五曰寿夭,六曰得失,七曰贵贱,八曰黑白,九曰荣辱,十曰利害,十一曰忧乐,十二曰正反。此十二曰,争议之大者,而论其所以自处之道,欲人不堕入相对之迷雾中而无以自拔也。综上十二项皆物论争议之大者,执相对之两端而纷纷不息,则世界永无宁日,不如泯绝相对之概念以归于中和。孔子所谓“执其两端,用其中于民”,不仅人类和平共存,则天人亦和谐无间矣。     

A Categorical Approach to Probability Theory

First, we discuss basic probability notions from the viewpoint of category theory. Our approach is based on the following four “sine quibus non” conditions: 1. (elementary) category theory is efficient (and suffices); 2. random variables, observables, probability measures, and states are morphisms; 3. classical probability theory and fuzzy probability theory in the sense of S. Gudder and S. Bugajski are special cases of a more general model; 4. a good model allows natural modifications. Second, we show that the category ID of D-posets of fuzzy sets and sequentially continuous D-homomorphisms allows to characterize the passage from classical to fuzzy events as the minimal generalization having nontrivial quantum character: a degenerated state can be transported to a nondegenerated one. Third, we describe a general model of probability theory based on the category ID so that the classical and fuzzy probability theories become special cases and the model allows natural modifications. Finally, we present a modification in which the closed unit interval [0,1] as the domain of traditional states is replaced by a suitable simplex.     

A Contextual Approach to Political Theory

This article explores the advantages of using a range of actual cases in doing political theory. This sort of approach clarifies what is at stake in alternative theoretical formulations, draws attention to the wisdom that may be embedded in existing practices, and encourages theorists to confront challenges they might otherwise overlook and to think through the implications of their accounts more fully.     

Informed Consent in Emergency Research: A Contradiction in Terms

Improving the treatment of life threatening emergency illness or disease requires that new or novel therapies be assessed in clinical trials. As most subjects for these trials will be incapacitated there is some controversy about they might best protected whilst still allowing research to continue. Recent European and UK clinical trials legislation, which has effectively stopped research into emergency conditions, is discussed. Possible changes to these regulations are proposed.     

国际环境利益矛盾的伦理分析

在当今世界 ,国际环境利益矛盾层出不穷、错综复杂。这种矛盾具有深刻的道德根源。本文拟从生态伦理的视角对国际环境利益矛盾作一个粗浅探讨。     

对相对主义的反思:从重要的重言式到诱人的矛盾式

苏珊·哈克提供了一个分析相对主义的统一框架,将蒯因的本体论相对性等诸多论题都纳入相对主义的范围内来讨论。她区分了浅层相对主义和深层相对主义,前者是指讨论的主题会随着不同的因素而变化,后者是指只有相对于某些因素,这些主题才有意义。哈克应用她的这种区分,探讨了罗蒂的认知相对主义。哈克没有给出对相对主义的直接反驳,但是通过与普特南的概念相对主义的详细对比,描绘了一种她称为"坦陈实在论"的理论,以表明引发特定形式的相对主义的考虑可以怎样以非相对主义的方式得到安置。     

A Learning Theory Approach to Attachment Theory: Exploring Clinical Applications

Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review - Although clinicians typically acknowledge the importance of insecure attachment as one factor that can contribute to children’s psychopathology,...     

骨形成蛋白在骨缺损修复中的矛盾与克服

正确理解骨形成蛋白 (ＢｏｎｅＭｏｒｐｈｏｇｅｎｅｔｉｃＰｒｏ ｔｅｉｎ ,ＢＭＰ)在骨缺损修复中的矛盾与克服 ,将有助于ＢＭＰ的研究、应用和骨缺损修复这一临床难题的解决。1　ＢＭＰ的发现和确立ＢＭＰ是 2 0世纪中叶发现和确立的。 195 2年 ,Ｕｒｉｓｔ将未分化的结缔组织细胞植入动物眼前房诱导新骨形成[1] 。 196 5年他将动物的长骨皮质骨基质脱钙冻干后植入同种动物的肌肉组织内也诱导形成新生骨组织[2 ] 。随后 ,他在这方面进行了广泛和深入的研究 ,并总结回顾了以往的研究结果 ,于196 7年提出了骨诱导物质 (ＢｏｎｅＩｎｄｕｃ…     

A Theory of Tragic Experience According to Hegel

Abstract: Hegel's theory of tragedy is often considered to be primarily a theory of the objective powers involved in tragic conflicts—for Hegel, these are paradigmatically competing ethical notions—and of the rationality which underlies and drives such conflicts. Such a view follows naturally from a close reading of Hegel's discussion of classical Greek tragedy in his Lectures on Aesthetics. However, this view gives rise to the question of whether Hegel's theory of tragedy can account for the significance of tragic experience, in particular the experience of tragic suffering; it has been argued repeatedly that it cannot. In contrast, I want to suggest in this paper that a theory of tragic experience can be derived from Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit. This Hegelian theory of tragic experience, I argue, should be understood as complementing rather than challenging Hegel's theory of objective tragic conflict.     

A Student Development Theory to Practice Workshop

This article describes a workshop designed to introduce Chickering's theory to paraprofessional staff.     

A Kantian Hybrid Theory of Art Criticism: A Particularist Appeal to the Generalists

Noël Carroll proposes a generalist theory of art criticism, which essentially involves evaluations of artworks on the basis of their success value, at the cost of rendering evaluations of reception value irrelevant to criticism. In this article, I argue for a hybrid account of art criticism, which incorporates Carroll's objective model but puts Carroll‐type evaluations in the service of evaluations of reception value. I argue that this hybrid model is supported by Kant's theory of taste. Hence, I not only present an alternative theory of metacriticism, which has the merit of reinstating the centrality of reception value in art critics’ evaluations, but also show that, contrary to a common conception, Kant's aesthetic theory can house a fruitful account of art criticism. The benefit of this hybrid account is that, despite being essentially particularist, it should be appealing even to generalists, including Carroll.