Use of Educational and Psychological Tests Internationally

Les aspects internationaux du développement et de l'usage des tests sont traités ici, en particulier pour situer les articles de cette édition spéciale. On présente succinctement l'utilisation internationale des tests ainsi que l'histoire, l'impact des conditions externes et internes, les normes et les lignes directrices du développement et de l'usage des tests. On parle aussi des organisations régionales et internationales actives dans le domaine du développement et de l'usage des tests, sans oublier les initiatives de structures comme la Commission Internationale des Tests.
International aspects of test development and use are described, in part, to provide a context for other articles in this special issue. The history of test development and use, external and internal conditions that impact test development and use, test use internationally, together with standards and guidelines for test development and use are summarised. Regional and international organisations providing leadership in test development and use as well as leadership efforts by the International Test Commission and others are discussed.     

Psychological Tests Don't Think: An Appreciation of Schafer's Psychoanalytic Interpretation In Rorschach Testing

Roy Schafer 's Psychoanalytic Interpretation in Rorschach Testing has, for nearly 40 years, represented a hallmark of psychodynamically informed psychological assessment. In this article, Schafer's contribution is reviewed in light of recent contributions to the Rorschach literature. Following a summary of the main sections of the work, Schafer's approach to the Rorschach is critically re-examined from the perspective of modem assessment practice. Differences between the epistemological bases of psychoanalytic and empirical methods of Rorschach interpretation are highlighted, and the prospects for an integration of these two approaches are considered. It is concluded that Schafer's contribution remains as fresh today as when written 40 years ago.     

小学生心理健康教育探索

在现代社会身与心健康的人才能称之为一个健康的人．小学教育须重视对小学生的心理健康教育。最近几年．华东师范大学附属小学非常重视开展对全体学生的心理健康教育。在华东师范大学心理学教授的直接指导下。成立了心理健康辅导室．选择了两个班进行心理健康教育的试点,课题组有关教师共同探讨研究。进行了一系列的探索。     

超常学生集体教学的阶段性心理测量

1　引言　　自 1 985年 ,在北京第八中学办起了超常儿童教学实验班 ,是用来满足超常儿童特点的特殊教学。十几年来 ,已有五个班的小学生在短期完成了初高中全部教学、升学的工作 ,应该说 ,这样的特殊教学对超智儿童的早期开发有积极意义。少儿班学生达到了知识的“超常”是有目共睹的 ,西方一些教育心理专家对这样的特殊教学效果也点头称是。现在的研究是采用多种能力测验考察进入一段教学后高智力学生的智能心态 ,为保持和修改超常儿童中学教学提供参考依据。《鉴别超常儿童认知能力测验》是查子秀研究员1 986年主编的智能测验。该测验分出…     

心理测验在面试招聘中对考官的影响

本研究采取实验的方法探讨心理测验的结果与主观印象一致或冲突时,考官对求职者评价的改变程度.为此,本研究设计了以上两种实验情景的招聘实验.结果表明,心理测验已成为考官评分时的重要考虑因素;对于不同专业的被试,在两种不同的实验情景下,对心理测验结果的判断有不同标准.     

Psychological Processes Underlying Cultivation Effects Further Tests of Construct Accessibility

This study tested whether the accessibility of information in memory mediates the cultivation effect (i.e., the effect of television viewing on social perceptions), consistent with the availability heuristic (Tversky & Kahneman, 1973). Accessibility was operationalized as the time needed to generate frequency estimates of the real-world prevalence of crime, marital discord, and particular occupations. The independent variable was amount of soap opera viewing, and the study used only very heavy (5 or more hours per week) and very light (zero hours per week) viewers. Heavy viewers gave significantly higher frequency estimates (cultivation effect) and responded significantly faster (accessibility effect) than did light viewers, replicating the findings of Shrum and O'Gunn (1993). Soap opera viewing also had an indirect effect on the frequency estimates of crime and occupational prevalence through its effect on response latency, supporting the notion of accessibility as a mediating variable. No such mediating effect was noted for marital discord estimates.     

An Examination of Academic Misconduct Intentions and the Ineffectiveness of Syllabus Statements

This experiment uses quantitative and qualitative measures to address the effect of two syllabus statements on academic misconduct: one based on prohibitions and one on academic integrity. Students expressed favorable attitudes toward the statements, showed an increase in guilt compared to a control group, but showed no decrease in intentions to cheat. Including only a standard academic misconduct statement in one's syllabus is not sufficient to alter behavior, which should be acknowledged by faculty.     

关于性别刻板印象的初步调查

性别刻板印象是一种重要的社会刻板印象。我们在 3 80名大学生中作了性别刻板印象的初步调查 ,并考察了性别和性别角色对性别刻板印象的影响。结果发现中国大学生的性别刻板印象与传统的性别观念比较一致 ,认为男性更坚强能干 ,女性更被动顺从 ,且这一印象不因性别和性别角色而改变。但男女被试的性别刻板印象仍存在明显差异。不同性别角色被试之间的性别刻板印象也有差异。总体而言 ,性别对性别刻板印象的影响比性别角色对性别刻板印象的影响大。     

道教法思想初探

道教的政治哲学,直接继承了战国、秦汉黄老道家的精神传统,既固守黄老自然无为的核心理念,又充分吸收了法家的合理思想成分,对"法"、"术"、"势"的为治功能予以充分的肯定,形成了以道德为主,法术势为辅的政治哲学理念。     

初探宗教现象学

宗教现象学是当代西方文化中使用现象学方法来诠释宗教的一种学说,它在理论上与传统宗教的理性实体学说和自然神学理论相区别,一是将宗教的论证方式由外在实体出发转向由人的直观意识出发,二是将对神的论证由理性论证的途径改变为意识直观和生存体验的途径。宗教现象学把人的直观意识体验和生存感受作为其理论的出发点,它同时把宗教理解为前导入的生存的意义纲领。宗教现象学跨越了现象学、存在主义、解释学、心理学、人类学及神学等多个学科,尚有许多理论问题有待进一步澄清。     

The Effect of Exhaust Gas on the Performance in Certain Psychological Tests

The effects of imagery on immediate and long term recall and organization (i.e., clustering) were studied with regard to high and low imagery concrete stimulus nouns from the same generic categories, imagery and no imagery instructions, number of recall trials, and two presentation rates. Three major aspects were involved: (a) establishment of imagery norms for 80 categorically related nouns, (b) behavioral analysis of these norms, and (c) a verbal free recall experiment conducted with 960 sixth and eighth grade boys and girls to compare the verbal and imaginal symbolic processes. Recall and organization were found to be facilitated by imagery nouns or instructions. Eighth graders not only recalled and organized better than sixth graders, but also used imagery more effectively. Four written trials were better than one, and a five second presentation rate was better than 2.5 seconds. These trends held in immediate and long term recall. Results were discussed in terms of the code availability hypothesis of Paivio's two-process theory. It was concluded that imagery is an important factor in free recall and organization and functions analogously to verbal processes.     

What Counselors Should Know About the Use and Interpretation of Psychological Tests

The effective use of tests in counseling depends on the choice of appropriate tests for the particular individual and problem under consideration, as well as the proper interpretation of test scores and their integration within the total assessment process. The knowledge needed for these purposes is discussed with reference to, first, statistical and technical knowledge about tests, and second, substantive psychological knowledge about the behavior domain that the tests assess. Because of the rapid accumulation of knowledge in both areas, counselors need to keep abreast of current developments through continuing efforts to update their knowledge.     

More than Bullshit: Trash Talk and Other Psychological Tests of Sporting Excellence

ABSTRACT

Sporting excellence is a function of physical, cognitive and psychological capacities: its standard requires demonstration of superlative physical and strategic skills and the performance of these skills under pressure. However, despite the widespread acceptance of this idea there has been little exploration of what counts as a legitimate test of the psychological dimension. What work has been done has tended to focus on the practice of trash talking and whether the pressure that trash talking exerts is conducive to sporting objectives. However, not only do we believe that the philosophical work on trash talking is misguided, but also its conclusions have not been used to elucidate the legitimacy of other psychological pressures that occur in sport. In this paper we address this first lacuna by providing a more nuanced exploration of trash talking than exists in the philosophical literature, with the aim of addressing the second lacuna by suggesting a framework by which to evaluate other forms of psychological pressure that arise in sport. Briefly, our claim is that not all forms of trash talking that derail an opponent degrade, and that recipients of trash talking have both epistemic and social responsibilities in how they respond to trash talking. Moreover, these epistemic and social responsibilities can be extrapolated to evaluate the legitimacy of other forms of psychological pressure in sport, with forms that turn out to preclude broader social ends being morally illegitimate, and forms that do not preclude social ends yet facilitate meaningful challenges being legitimate tests of sporting excellence.     

An Elementary Construction for a Non-elementary Procedure

We consider the problem of the product finite model property for binary products of modal logics. First we give a new proof for the product finite model property of the logic of products of Kripke frames, a result due to Shehtman. Then we modify the proof to obtain the same result for logics of products of Kripke frames satisfying any combination of seriality, reflexivity and symmetry. We do not consider the transitivity condition in isolation because it leads to infinity axioms when taking products.     

英国心理学会介绍

英国心理学会成立于1901年,有较长的历史;现有会员4万4千多人,在英国心理学研究和应用方面发挥了重要的领导和协调作用。该文介绍了英国心理学会的组织结构及它在2006年的活动情况。