深度透视恐怖主义的根源——读张家栋《恐怖主义论》

恐怖活动被认为是一心智偏执者发泄不满与仇恨的产物,是与文明进步背道而驰的野蛮行径。张家栋《恐怖主义论》从一个新的角度揭示了恐怖主义与现代性之间相生相克的关系。表明恐怖主义并非文明社会的“怪胎”,而是现代文明,尤其是西方文明在当代发展的结果。要摆脱现代性与恐怖主义之间的恶性循环,应该从东方智慧中汲取营养。     

焦虑梦的运作机制研究

综合以往的释梦理论,结合具体案例,对焦虑梦的运作机制进行了探讨,并提出一种结构化的释梦方法.研究结论:焦虑梦的梦境是由多个相似焦虑事件的记忆元素建构而成,并由梦者睡前所体验的"半成功"地压抑了的焦虑感受所触发.通过对构成梦境的记忆元素进行分析整理,能发现做梦者在做梦前一段时期内比较重要的、重复出现的焦虑主题,从而为心理咨询与治疗提供线索.     

Agent Reliabilism and the Problem of Clairvoyance

This paper argues that John Greco's agent reliabilism fails in its attempt to meet the double requirement of accounting for the internalist intuition that knowledge requires sensitivity to the reliability of one's evidence and evading the charge of psychological implausibility.     

A Note on Harmony

In the proof-theoretic semantics approach to meaning, harmony, requiring a balance between introduction-rules (I-rules) and elimination rules (E-rules) within a meaning conferring natural-deduction proof-system, is a central notion. In this paper, we consider two notions of harmony that were proposed in the literature: 1. GE-harmony, requiring a certain form of the E-rules, given the form of the I-rules. 2. Local intrinsic harmony: imposes the existence of certain transformations of derivations, known as reduction and expansion. We propose a construction of the E-rules (in GE-form) from given I-rules, and prove that the constructed rules satisfy also local intrinsic harmony. The construction is based on a classification of I-rules, and constitute an implementation to Gentzen’s (and Pawitz’) remark, that E-rules can be “read off” I-rules.     

A Note on Accepting the Null Hypothesis

Models are sometimes developed on the premise that there are no differences between two or more conditions regardless of experimental manipulation. This article argues that unless a very sensitive experiment (or series of experiments) was conducted, such conclusions are often premature. Design and statistical factors such as alpha level, variability, sample size, and treatment effect are all determinants of the sensitivity of the experiment. It is sometimes the case that an experiment produces differences between means and yet the null hypothesis is not rejected because of high variability within experimental conditions or because too few subjects were used. Unless the probability of detecting a difference between groups is known, it would seem unwise to conclude that no difference exists. Judgment on the model should be suspended. Examples are taken from the mass-spring and pulse-step models for voluntary movement control to illustrate the problem.     

A Note on the Aesthetics of Mirror Reversal

According to Roy Sorensen [Philosophical Studies 100 (2000) 175–191] an object cannot differ aesthetically from its mirror image. On his view, mirror-reversing an object – changing its left/right orientation – cannot bring about any aesthetic change. However, in arguing for this thesis Sorensen assumes that aesthetic properties supervene on intrinsic properties alone. This is a highly controversial assumption and nothing is offered in its support. Moreover, a plausible weakening of the assumption does not improve the argument. Finally, Sorensen’s second argument is shown to be formally flawed. As a result, the case for the aesthetic irrelevancy of orientation seems still open.     

A Note on Goodman's Theorem

Goodman's theorem states that intuitionistic arithmetic in all finite types plus full choice, HA + AC, is conservative over first-order intuitionistic arithmetic HA. We show that this result does not extend to various subsystems of HA, HA with restricted induction.     

A Note on Comparative Probability

A possible event always seems to be more probable than an impossible event. Although this constraint, usually alluded to as regularity, is prima facie very attractive, it cannot hold for standard probabilities. Moreover, in a recent paper Timothy Williamson has challenged even the idea that regularity can be integrated into a comparative conception of probability by showing that the standard comparative axioms conflict with certain cases if regularity is assumed. In this note, we suggest that there is a natural weakening of the standard comparative axioms. It is shown that these axioms are consistent both with the regularity condition and with the essential feature of Williamson’s example.     

A Note on Neat Reducts

SC, CA, QA and QEA denote the class of Pinter’s substitution algebras, Tarski’s cylindric algebras, Halmos’ quasi-polyadic and quasi-polyadic equality algebras, respectively. Let . and . We show that the class of n dimensional neat reducts of algebras in K _m is not elementary. This solves a problem in [2]. Also our result generalizes results proved in [1] and [2]. Presented by Robert Goldblatt     

A Note on Algebras of Substitutions

We will study the class RSA of -dimensional representable substitution algebras. RSA is a sub-reduct of the class of representable cylindric: algebras, and it was an open problem in Andréka [1] that whether RSA can be finitely axiomatized. We will show, that the answer is positive. More concretely, we will prove, that RSA is a finitely axiomatizable quasi-variety. The generated variety is also described. We note that RSA is the algebraic counterpart of a certain proportional multimodal logic and it is related to a natural fragment of first order logic, as well.     

A Note

Following Whiting’s (1986) comments on Fischman and Schneider (1985) and Smyth and Marriott (1982), this note addresses the questions of expertise in catching, the effects of sight of the hand on timing and positioning, and the difficulties of comparing performance in different experiments on catching.