The Relationship of Target and Response Complexity in Coincident Timing Performance

This paper reports two experiments concerned with the interaction of response and target factors in a coincident timing situation. Coincident timing involves executing a response to intercept a moving target. The target response relationship was manipulated in the first experiment by providing some targets with no structure (linear path) and others containing 1 and 2 bounce points. In the second experiment, responses required 0, 1, or 2 reversals in direction. The results provide tentative support for the notion that structure in the target path could be linked to the key temporal response dynamics for improved performance consistency, and that subjects may alter their response structure to incorporate this linkage. This can be further extended to the advantage of simply moving while perceiving movement. This paper stresses the importance of examining the perceptual and motor requirements of the coincident timing skill in unison.     

Response Timing Variability

A detailed kinematic and electromyographic (EMG) analysis of single degree of freedom timing responses is reported to (a) determine the coherence of kinematic and EMG variability to the reduced timing error variability exhibited with amplitude increments within a given criterion movement time and (b) understand the temporal organization of various movement parameters in simple responses. The data reveal that the variability of kinematic (time to peak acceleration, duration of acceleration phase, time to peak deceleration) and EMG (duration of agonist burst, duration of antagonist burst, time to antagonist burst) timing parameters decreased with increments of average velocity in a manner consistent with the variable timing error. In addition, the coefficient of variation for peak acceleration, peak deceleration, and integrated EMG of the agonist burst followed the same trend. Increasing average movement velocity also led to decreases in premotor and motor reaction times. Overall, the findings suggest a strong coherence between the variability of response outcome, kinematic, and EMG parameters.     

The Relationship of Informational Attributions to Affective Response to Success and Failure

Abstract

This study assessed the relationship of informational attributions—perceived characteristics of the self and the task situation—to postperformance affect. College students performed an anagram task and rated causal and informational attributions for their outcomes, the causal dimensions for the perceived causes of their outcomes, and their affective response to their outcomes. The valence of the outcome—success or failure—was the best predictor of affect, and both causal attributions and causal dimensions accounted for substantial portions of the affect variance. Informational attributions accounted for a significant proportion of the affect variance beyond that attributable to the other factors. Implications of these results for the attributional theory of emotion are discussed.     

刺激同一性对错误后反应的影响

当错误发生后,人们往往会放慢错误后反应的速度,以避免错误的再次发生,许多研究者认为,这是自上而下的认知控制对错误后反应的影响.为了探讨刺激属性是否也在错误后的反应中起作用,本研究从刺激同一性角度出发,探讨错误反应刺激与错误后刺激的同一性以及反应-刺激间隔时间(RSI)对错误后反应的影响.结果发现,当错误后的刺激与错误反应的刺激一致时,可减小错误后反应时延长的程度,同时,RSI越大,PES越小.本研究得出结论,刺激同一性和RSI作为自下而上的刺激驱动在PES的产生过程中发挥了作用.     

The Relationship between Defense Preference and Response to Free Association

Psychoanalytic theories suggest that individuals with obsessive defenses, with hysterical defenses, and borderline psychotic individuals respond differently to free association. An experimental analogue of the psychoanalytic session was used to test these ideas. The subjects were 68 male college students, chosen on the basis of the Rorschach and MMPI. Contrary to predictions, obsessive subjects generally associated more freely and showed more involvement in the sessions than hysterical subjects. As expected, hysterical subjects were more silent and blocked and made fewer self-observations than obsessive subjects. Borderline subjects were judged to have less control over drive than the two defensive types.     

Effects of Visual Error Timing on Smooth Pursuit Gain Adaptation in Humans

Smooth pursuit (SP) is one of the precise oculomotor behaviors when tracking a moving object. Adaptation of SP is based on a visual-error driven motor learning process associated with predictable changes in the visual environment. Proper timing of a sensory signal is an important factor for adaptation of fine motor control. In this study, we investigated whether visual error timing affects SP gain adaptation. An adaptive change in SP gain is produced experimentally by repeated trials of a step-ramp tracking with 2 different velocities (double-velocity paradigm). The authors used the double-velocity paradigm where target speed changes 400 or 800 ms after the target onset. The results show that SP gain changed in a certain time window following adaptation. The authors suggest that SP adaptation shown in this study is associated with timing control mechanisms.     

项目特征曲线等值的抽样误差

现在,等值越来越受到各考试测验机构及测量学研究人员的重视,特别是项目反应理论等值的优越性更使他们有了信心。然而,很多人却没有注意到被试能力分布形态可能给等值结果带来的影响效果及程度。本研究以项目反应理论两级记分模型的项目参数等值在不同被试能力分布形态下的结果差异作为重点,探讨被试抽样偏差可能给项目特征曲线等值带来的误差问题。研究结果表明,被试能力分布形态会显著地影响项目参数等值的系数,特别地,能力分布的偏态系数与等值方程的截距存在显著的线性相关关系,但能力分布形态的变化对等值方程中斜率的影响并不明显     

The Relationship Between Creative Potential,Aesthetic Response to Music,and Musical Preferences

Previous studies have shown that creative individuals tend to prefer complex stimuli. This study examined the relationship between creative potential, aesthetic response to music, and musical preferences. Seventy-four participants completed two creative potential tests. They listened to three repertoire pieces of different complexity, and rated them on perceived complexity, liking, and interest. Finally, they completed a musical preference questionnaire. Results suggest the relationship between complexity, on the one hand, and liking and interest, on the other, differs between the pieces. Creative potential was found to be related to preference for the more complex musical pieces. Moreover, musical preferences were found to be related both to creative potential and to ratings of the three musical pieces.     

Response Timing Accuracy as a Function of Movement Velocity and Distance

In two experiments, patterns of response error during a timing accuracy task were investigated. In Experiment 1, these patterns were examined across a full range of movement velocities, which provided a test of the hypothesis that as movement velocity increases, constant error (CE) shifts from a negative to a positive response bias, with the zero CE point occurring at approximately 50% of maximum movement velocity (Hancock & Newell, 1985). Additionally, by examining variable error (VE), timing error variability patterns over a full range of movement velocities were established. Subjects (N = 6) performed a series of forearm flexion movements requiring 19 different movement velocities. Results corroborated previous observations that variability of timing error primarily decreased as movement velocity increased from 6 to 42% of maximum velocity. Additionally, CE data across the velocity spectrum did not support the proposed timing error function. In Experiment 2, the effect(s) of responding at 3 movement distances with 6 movement velocities on response timing error were investigated. VE was significantly lower for the 3 high-velocity movements than for the 3 low-velocity movements. Additionally, when MT was mathematically factored out, VE was less at the long movement distance than at the short distance. As in Experiment 1, CE was unaffected by distance or velocity effects and the predicted CE timing error function was not evident.     

Response Timing Accuracy as a Function of Movement Velocity and Distance

In two experiments, patterns of response error during a timing accuracy task were investigated. In Experiment 1. these patterns were examined across a full range of movement velocities, which provided a test of the hypothesis that as movement velocity increases, constant error (CE) shifts from a negative to a positive response bias, with the zero CE point occurring at approximately 50% of maximum movement velocity (Hancock & Newell, 1985). Additionally, by examining variable error (VE), timing error variability patterns over a full range of movement velocities were established. Subjects (N = 6) performed a series of forearm flexion movements requiring 19 different movement velocities. Results corroborated previous observations that variability of timing error primarily decreased as movement velocity increased from 6 to 42% of maximum velocity. Additionally, CE data across the velocity spectrum did not support the proposed timing error function. In Experiment 2, the effect(s) of responding at 3 movement distances with 6 movement velocities on response timing error were investigated. VE was significantly lower for the 3 high-velocity movements than for the 3 low-velocity movements. Additionally, when MT was mathematically factored out. VE was less at the long movement distance than at the short distance. As in Experiment 1, CE was unaffected by distance or velocity effects and the predicted CE timing error function was not evident.     

The Timing of Feminism

Is history a category of reason, or is reason a category of history? These opposing questions have divided the structuralist from the materialist—but neither question is wrong. Analysis of the logic of oppositions challenges feminism, in particular, to find a logic—and a poetics—in which to render its values without historical or theoretical naivete. I explore the question of the timing of feminism through Julia Kristeva and Luce Irigaray.     

Delayed Sleep Timing in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Is Associated With Diminished Response to Exposure and Ritual Prevention

Exposure and ritual prevention (ERP) and pharmacotherapy are typically associated with significant symptom reductions for individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, many patients are left with residual symptoms and other patients do not respond. There is increasing evidence that delays in sleep timing/circadian rhythms are associated with OCD but the potential effects of delays in sleep timing on ERP warrant attention. This paper presents data from 31 outpatients with OCD who participated in ERP. Results showed that delayed sleep timing was common and that individuals with delayed bedtimes benefited significantly less from treatment and were significantly more likely to be nonresponders compared to individuals with earlier bedtimes. Further, the effects of sleep timing remained statistically significant even after controlling for global sleep quality, negative affect, and several other variables. These findings add to a growing literature suggesting the utility of better understanding the role of disruptions in the timing of sleep in OCD.     

工作压力反应及其与领导方式的关系研究

本研究通过对537位工作者的调查,探讨工作压力反应的类型及其与领导方式的关系,结果显示:工作压力反应存在四种类型,分别是积极压力反应类型、高压力反应类型、低压力反应类型以及消极压力反应类型。直接领导的不同领导方式与个体不同的工作压力反应类型存在关联。混合式领导方式下的个体积极压力反应最高,消极压力反应最低。变革型领导和交易型领导下的个体积极压力反应和消极压力反应无显著差异。     

The Rhetorical Impulse in Husserl's Phenomenology

Continental Philosophy Review -     

Motor Response Variations: Peripheral and Central Sources of Error

The purpose of this research was to test the hypothesis that the relative involvement of peripheral versus central nervous system activity during response variations determines the locus of error production in a subsequent criterion response. The hypothesis was tested by comparing ipsilateral and contralateral transfer of a criterion response following response variations that emphasized proportionately different involvement of the peripheral and central systems. When subjects were provided with knowledge of results (KR) to maintain a 30% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), ipsilateral but not contralateral bias errors occurred on a subsequent dynamic response. When subjects maintained a 30% MVC without KR, however, subsequent ipsilateral bias errors were greater than contralateral bias errors. Finally, when subjects imaged a 30% MVC, subsequent bias errors were equivalent across limbs. These results are interpreted as support for the hypothesis.     

The Timing of Intralimb Coordination

The authors examined the manner in which self-selected movement frequencies are impacted upon by repeated engagement in an intralimb coordination task and by alterations in the inertial characteristics of the limb. Twelve healthy adult volunteers rhythmically flexed and extended their elbow and wrist joints at a comfortable self-established frequency in 1 of 2 modes of coordination (in-phase and antiphase), while grasping 1 of 3 weighted dowels (no-weight condition [0.03 kg], light weight condition [0.5 kg], heavy weight condition [1.0 kg]). The movement frequencies adopted by subjects on the 3rd of 3 weekly sessions, following more than 120 experimental trials, were appreciably higher than those obtained during an initial session. The addition of mass to the system had an inconsistent influence upon the preferred frequency of movement. When subjects' limbs were loaded with what was deemed to be a light weight (0.5 kg), the movement frequencies that were adopted were indistinguishable from those selected when there was no (0.03 kg) loading of the limbs. In contrast, when subjects' limbs were loaded with a relatively heavy weight (1 kg), the resulting self-selected movement frequencies were reliably lower than when there was no loading of the limbs. The adopted frequency of movement was also influenced in a reliable fashion by the mode of coordination in which the movements were prepared. Those results are discussed with reference to mechanical and neuromuscular constraints on coordination dynamics.     

The Timing of Research Consent

Ethical Theory and Moral Practice - This essay is about the timing of research consent, a process that involves (potential) participants being given information about, among other things, upcoming...