宗教研究的认知科学新取向

宗教认知科学是新近出现的从认知和进化的角度研究宗教的分支学科。主要有认知副产物和社会适应两种理论。认知副产物理论认为宗教信仰是人类认知倾向的副产物;社会适应理论认为宗教信仰促进群体的团结合作,是一个精巧的社会适应机制,有助于群体的自然选择。两种理论引发了系列的实验研究,由于宗教认知科学仍处于理论研究向实证研究的过渡阶段,未来需统一概念,加强实验范式的建立,更多地借助认知科学的方法和工具开展实证研究。     

论认知科学对文章阅读研究的影响

以信息加工为基本范式的当代认知科学极大地影响和深化了阅读心理的研究。本文结合国内外现有研究,首先回顾了文章阅读认知加工研究的发展历程,然后总结了当代认知科学对文章阅读心理研究的主要贡献之所在,并对在认知科学影响下该领域未来的发展趋势和方向进行了分析与展望。     

语言的隐喻视角下人类认知框架建构

随着以计算机隐喻为核心的第一代认知科学的弊端日益凸显,强调感知体验为认知构建核心作为主流思想的第二代认知科学在近几年获得了迅速发展。语言作为人类联结自身体验和外界事物的桥梁,在个体认知框架建构中意义重大。而人类语言的隐喻认知能力是构成认知系统的核心要素,也是人类思维活动反映抽象概念的重要方式。文章通过对语言的隐喻认知视角下人类认知框架建构机制的探讨,在指出当前研究中存在的缺陷和不足的基础上为将来研究提供相关思路。     

认知科学与文化手段

人类文明史表明,社会的进步需要许许多多有效的文化手段。现代科学中蕴涵着许多重要的文化手段,认知科学就是如此。将不同文化形态的认知过程进行分析研究,对不同民族不同文化背景的人的认知过程进行归纳、比较,从中发现某些认知规律的方法,称“文化人类学”方法,它是认知科学的一种主要研究方法。在认知科学的研究中,继承和发扬我国独特的、行之有效的文化手段,有助于提高我国全民族的认知科学水平。认知科学是利用计算机进行验证,探讨思维过程的信息处理机制,进而揭示认知过程的。当今,在人们对神经元和大脑处理信     

隐喻研究的涉身哲学范式

本文主要阐述了当下研究隐喻本质的一种新的哲学范式,并说明这种哲学范式是如何在涉身-交互认知科学哲学纲领下展开的。通过分析"涉身-交互认知"这一概念与"隐喻"这一概念是如何共生、共存的,试图阐明隐喻的哲学分析需要在涉身-交互认知科学纲领下展开。为了在这种新的隐喻研究哲学范式下开展对隐喻本质的研究,文末提出了一个可能的框架来尝试解释人类理解语义如何可能的问题,说明涉身-交互认知科学纲领强调人类认知活动的身体性和情境性,以论证涉身-交互认知科学研究纲领能为我们研究人类认知的本质提供更好的理论框架。     

认知与决策

人们往往习惯于将决策与管理科学联系在一起,其实探讨决策问题对于深化认知科学的理论、发挥认知科学的实践作用以及显示认知科学的社会意义等等,都是十分重要的。H·西蒙在为日本产业能率大学出版社出版的《科学的决策》一书所写的序言中就明确指出:该书是一本讨论认知科学的理论和实践及其社会意义的书。本文拟从决策问题入手来阐明认知研究的社会意义。一决策问题概述人们通常把决策简单地说成是对未来行动方案的一种抉择。但是,这种定义容易使人们     

认知美学视角下的舞蹈美原理的现代阐释

现行的舞蹈美学大多从形而上哲学出发,致使舞蹈审美活动和审美经验等美学问题没有得到合理的解释。现代认知科学的迅速发展使以往从心理学等学科的角度探讨审美活动这一遥不可及的目标得以实现。认知美学是建立在现代认知科学基础之上的美学流派,它借鉴认知科学的研究成果及材料,解释文艺和一般社会生活中具体的审美现象,揭示人类审美活动的奥秘。认知美学视角下的舞蹈美原理的现代阐释以舞蹈美原理为研究对象,以格式塔心理学美学对舞蹈美研究存在的不足为线索,分析舞蹈美的形成与内在机制,以期为舞蹈美学研究给予切实的推进。     

预测加工：走出两代认知科学的历史僵局

表征-计算观与具身行动观对认知的本质几乎做了截然相反的强调。近年来,预测加工理论的发展为统一两代认知科学提供了契机。预测加工是层级预测加工与主动预测加工这两大理论部件的合称,前一部件主要继承了第一代认知科学中的层级计算加工进路,后一部件则发扬了第二代认知科学中与行动有关的理论。这两大理论部件被视为同一个统一整合理论的两个不同方面,预测加工也由此有望成为未来认知科学的新范式。     

智力理论和智力测验的新发展

人类对于自身的智能及其发展问题始终表现出浓厚的兴趣,对人类智能的探索也一直是心理学中极为活跃的领域。随着认知科学、脑科学和人工智能的深入研究和发展,人们更加重视对高级智能问题的探索。一、智力理论的发展几十年来,智力研究者们从心理学、心理计量学、社会学、人类学以及认知科学等不同角度和层次对人类智能问题作了种种探索,提出了各种智力理论,并在各种智力理论基础上编制了多种智力测验,对人们的智能进行评定和测量,促进了智力研究的深入和发展。在智力研究中,把智力作为大脑内部的功能结构来进行研究,并提出智力理论的主要有两大模式:心理地图模式和计算模式。     

人类认知模式的转变——从J.A.福多到卡米洛夫-史密斯

当代科学认识论的研究,日益得到世界各地学者的关注,认知科学正在成为21世纪科学哲学研究的热点,对此我们需要从当前的研究中梳理出总体的研究进路,从中寻绎出存在的问题以及可能的研究路径。当代认知科学与人工智能研究日益深入到人类认识机制的领域。这种研究进路在哲学上就是元认识论问题,以往的哲学研究对这个问题的关注明显不够。从20世纪80年代起一些学者开始关注元认识论问题,这以美国心理学家福多心理模块理论为代表,提出人类认识的功能主义解释,到90年代英国心理学家卡米洛夫-史密斯从皮亚杰的发生认识论基础上提出一种折中的混合…     

Cognitive Science: What One Needs to Know

Cognitive science is a new paradigm that informs and involves several disciplines, including artificial intelligence, neuroscience, cognitive psychology, cognitive ethology, and the philosophy of mind. Cognitive science studies the mind as an information processor, with the computer often operating as a metaphor for the operations of the mind. Developments in the cognitive sciences stand to affect tremendously how we think of the mind and, consequently, how we think of theological and religious claims that concern the human subject. The unity of self, claims of human uniqueness, the relation of mind and body, human nature, and the personal agency of God are all areas of religious import in which the cognitive sciences need to be taken into account.     

Toward an alternative evolutionary theory of religion: looking past computational evolutionary psychology to a wider field of possibilities

Cognitive science of the last half-century has been dominated by the computational theory of mind and its picture of thought as information processing. Taking this picture for granted, the most prominent evolutionary theories of religion of the last fifteen years have sought to understand human religiosity as the product or by-product of universal information processing mechanisms that were adaptive in our ancestral environment. The rigidity of such explanations is at odds with the highly context-sensitive nature of historical studies of religion, and thus contributes to the apparent tug-of-war between scientific and humanistic perspectives. This essay argues that this antagonism stems in part from a deep flaw of computational theory, namely its notion of information as pre-given and context-free. In contrast, non-computational theories that picture mind as an adaptive, interactive process in which information is jointly constructed by organism and environment offer an alternative approach to an evolutionary understanding of human religiosity, one that is compatible with historical studies and amenable to a wide range of inquiries, including some limited kinds of theological inquiry.     

Self-projection in middle childhood: a study on the relationship between theory of mind and episodic future thinking

Cognitive Processing - Growing evidence suggests that theory of mind (ToM) and episodic future thinking (EFT) are closely related at both brain and functional level. This study explored the...     

A SCIENTIFIC ACCOUNT OF MEANING: DEFLATIONARY BUT NOT DISENCHANTING

In The Really Hard Problem , Owen Flanagan maintains that accounting for meaning requires going beyond the resources of the physical, biological, social, and mind sciences. He notes that the religious myths and fantastical stories that once "funded" flourishing lives and made life meaningful have been epistemically discredited by science but nevertheless insists that meaning does exist and can be fully accounted for only in a form of systematic philosophical theorizing that is continuous with science and does not need to invoke myth. He sees such a mode of thought as a new, empirical-normative science, which he labels eudaimonistic scientia , that evades the disenchantment produced by natural scientific accounts of meaning. I argue that such an empirical-normative science does not provide us with a scientific account of meaning but is itself simply another way of making sense of one's life that is open to scientific explanation. Such an explanation will be deflationary in the sense that it presumes no greater scheme of things for meaning beyond the span of human existence (collective and possibly individual) but not disenchanting in that it does not explain away the flourishing lives human persons and communities create for themselves.     

The nature of psychology: the great dilemmas

Research about the nature of psychology, its subject matter, its level of analysis, its scientific laws, its relationship with other disciplines, and its social relevance has been a matter of great concern and interest during the development of psychology. This problem can be analyzed in terms of the dilemmas of the psychological discipline, which have been choice points, crossroads, alternative decisions that bring psychologists face to face with the following issues: (a) the subject matter of psychology: psyche, mind, or behavior?; (b) the role of scientific methodology: is psychology a natural science, a social/behavioral/human science, or a part of the humanities?; (c) the universality or particularity of scientific laws in psychology: are laws universal or culture-bound and contextual?; and (d) the balance between science and profession: is psychology a basic science, a socially relevant profession, or both?     

Towards a science of magic

It is argued here that cognitive science currently neglects an important source of insight into the human mind: the effects created by magicians. Over the centuries, magicians have learned how to perform acts that are perceived as defying the laws of nature, and that induce a strong sense of wonder. This article argues that the time has come to examine the scientific bases behind such phenomena, and to create a science of magic linked to relevant areas of cognitive science. Concrete examples are taken from three areas of magic: the ability to control attention, to distort perception, and to influence choice. It is shown how such knowledge can help develop new tools and indicate new avenues of research into human perception and cognition.     

Hume and the enactive approach to mind

An important part of David Hume’s work is his attempt to put the natural sciences on a firmer foundation by introducing the scientific method into the study of human nature. This investigation resulted in a novel understanding of the mind, which in turn informed Hume’s critical evaluation of the scope and limits of the scientific method as such. However, while these latter reflections continue to influence today’s philosophy of science, his theory of mind is nowadays mainly of interest in terms of philosophical scholarship. This paper aims to show that, even though Hume’s recognition in the cognitive sciences has so far been limited, there is an opportunity to reevaluate his work in the context of more recent scientific developments. In particular, it is argued that we can gain a better understanding of his overall philosophy by tracing the ongoing establishment of the enactive approach. In return, this novel interpretation of Hume’s ‘science of man’ is used as the basis for a consideration of the current and future status of the cognitive sciences.

论整合推理的认知与跨文化实证研究的可能途径

一般的认知理论具有一个共同的基本假定,人的心智特征和结构具有普遍性,而跨文化研究则表明,东西方人的认知模式具有差异性。以推理这一基本而主要的思维形式为切入点,在已有文献基础上比较认知理论与跨文化研究关于推理机制的成果：并在双过程加工理论的框架下,寻找推理机制的普遍性与文化差异性的边界条件,整合上述两者的研究成果。     

What Are the Brain Mechanisms on Which Psychological Processes Are Based?

ABSTRACT— That the human brain is the organ of the mind is not in dispute, but we know remarkably little about the brain mechanisms underlying the mind. What are the functional structures and computational processes of the human brain that subserve cognition, emotion, and behavior? Given the complexity of the human brain, progress in understanding the functional organization and structure of the human brain depends on sophisticated theoretical specifications of the psychological representations and processes that differentiate two or more comparison conditions. Psychological scientists, therefore, are well positioned to lead the search for brain mechanisms underlying psychological processes. Doing so constitutes an expansion of the purview of psychological science beyond a science of behavior, and beyond a science of the mind, to include a science of the brain. Such an expansion of the mission of psychological science has implications for the infrastructure and training needs of the discipline.