人际感恩对关系维持的影响

尽管关系维持策略对形成良好的人际关系和增强个人福祉有着重要意义, 但也增加了个体被拒绝的风险和痛苦。以往研究已经发现人际感恩一方面能在关系面临威胁时激活威胁缓冲策略修复人际关系, 另一方面也能在威胁解除时激活关系增强策略建立和促进人际关系, 但人际感恩也增加了使用非适应关系维持策略的可能。此外, 自我评价和他人评价有助于解释人际感恩的关系维持功能。未来研究应从二元互动视角考察人际感恩的关系维持功能; 从多元评价视角考察自我评价和他人评价在人际感恩对关系维持的影响中扮演的角色; 并结合多种研究方法拓展人际感恩的关系维持功能研究。     

人际/非人际情境下青少年外显与内隐的自我提升

采用结果相互依赖型任务, 通过两项实验考查了人际与非人际比较情境下青少年的外显与内隐自我提升的特点及其发展。结果显示, 在非人际比较情境中, 以自利归因、选择性接受与反驳为代表的外显自我提升在青少年早期达到发展顶峰; 在人际比较情境中, 青少年不会做出自利归因, 他们对自贬归因者的评价更高也更希望与之交往; 以生日数字偏好为代表的内隐自我提升在青少年早中晚期不存在年龄差异。由此推测, 自我提升表现可能具有人际性和隐蔽性特点。     

依恋与大学生人际适应——个人自主的中介作用

采用问卷法对638名大学生的依恋、个人自主及人际适应状况进行测查,运用结构方程建模技术对数据进行分析,结果发现：（1）依恋与个人自主均能显著预测大学生人际关系适应;（2）依恋焦虑通过个人自主间接预测大学生人际适应,个人自主在依恋焦虑与人际适应间起完全中介作用;（3）依恋回避直接预测人际适应。该结果对进一步制定提高与改善大学生人际适应的干预措施具有重要的指导意义。     

诚实-谦逊性和人际亲密性对公平规范执行的影响

采用2（诚实-谦逊性：高分组、低分组）×3（人际亲密性：家人、朋友、路人）×2（提议不公性：高不公提议、低不公提议）的混合实验设计,考察人际冲突情境下诚实-谦逊性与公平规范执行中人情效应的关系。研究结果发现,随着人际亲密性的增强,人们对互动同伴的互惠预期越高,更倾向于接受不公提议;高、低诚实-谦逊者付诸公平规范执行时均会考量双方彼此的人际亲密性,但高诚实-谦逊者存在更强的人情效应。结果表明,高诚实-谦逊者更在意维持有价值的人际关系,愿意宽容重要他人的违规行为。     

心理弹性儿童的人际关系认知

探查儿童寻求信任性人际关系建立和向他人求助启动阶段的人际关系认知,检验心理弹性儿童是否比缺乏心理弹性儿童拥有更准确、快速的人际关系类型和更积极、快速的中性人际关系性质认知。利用自编人际关系类型认知和中性情境人际关系性质认知实验程序,对经由汇聚操作法筛选出的心理弹性儿童(99人)和缺乏心理弹性儿童(176人)实施实验,记录被试的反应结果和反应时。以年龄和性别为协变量,分别对两组儿童人际关系类型认知得分及反应时、中性情境人际关系性质认知得分及反应时进行组间差异的协方差分析。结果支持部分研究假设:心理弹性儿童人际关系类型认知总分显著高于缺乏心理弹性儿童;心理弹性儿童在中性情境下人际关系性质认知积极与消极维度总分、积极—消极连续体上的振幅均显著小于缺乏心理弹性儿童,但心理弹性儿童对中性情境人际关系性质认知更具积极偏向;两组儿童在所有任务指标上的平均反应时差异皆不显著。提示,儿童对人际关系类型的准确把握及对人际关系性质谨慎却相对积极的认知,可能是有效寻求和建立人际关系、获取社会支持资源以良好应对严重压力/逆境的重要主体性因素。     

华人人际关系的概念化——针对中国香港大学生的实证研究

以杨中芳所构建的华人人际关系概念化理论模型为蓝本,并用以往的实证研究方法为基础,揭示了当代华人对人际关系如何进行概念化及其潜在的认知维度。杨氏模型认为华人人际关系主要由既定成分、情感成分和工具成分组成。该研究以中国香港大学生为被试进行调查,首先采用访谈的形式,分家族、学校及日常生活情境建立人际关系清单。然后采用多维量法（Multi-dimensional scaling）处理被试对关系进行分类的数据。结果发现,在不同的生活情境中,被试均依据情感程度对关系进行分类。在等级差异明显的家族和学校情境中,被试依据辈份和等级差异的突显性进行区分;而在等级差异小的生活情境中,则采用功利程度为标准。本文对被试在不同情境中所采用的不同维度进行了讨论,并提出华人人际关系的义务具有工具性质的实证结果     

青少年家庭功能、人际适应和网络欺凌的关系:一个有调节的中介作用

为探讨青少年家庭功能、人际适应和网络欺凌的关系以及性别在其中的调节作用,采用问卷法对北京和昆明共计1921名中学生进行研究。结果表明：（1）青少年群体中,男生的网络欺凌得分显著高于女生;（2）整体上,人际适应在家庭功能和网络欺凌关系间起完全中介作用;（3）性别在人际适应对青少年网络欺凌的影响中起显著调节作用,具体表现为：与男生相比,人际适应良好的女生实施网络欺凌的可能性更小。结果提示,良好的家庭功能可以通过影响人际适应进而影响青少年网络欺凌的实施,且在此过程中存在性别差异,对女生而言,着力提高社会人际适应能力更具针对性。     

华人人际关系的概念化--针对中国香港地区大学生的实证研究

以杨中芳所构建的华人人际关系概念化理论模型为蓝本,并采用以往的实证研究方法为基础,揭示了当代华人对人际关系如何进行概念化及其潜在的认知维度。杨氏模型认为华人人际关系主要由既定成分、情感成分和工具成分组成。该研究以中国香港地区的大学生为被试进行调查,首先采用访谈的形式,分家族、学校及日常生活情境建立人际关系清单。然后采用多维量法(Multi-dimensional scaling)处理被试对关系进行分类的数据。结果发现,在不同的生活情境中,被试均依据情感程度对关系进行分类。在等级差异明显的家族和学校情境中,被试依据辈份和等级差异的突显性进行分类;而在等级差异小的生活情境中,则采用功利程度为标准。本文对被试在不同情境中所采用的不同维度进行了讨论,并提出华人人际关系的义务具有工具性质的实证结果。     

师范院校大学生人际关系调查研究

目的探讨师范院校大学生人际关系的现状。方法采用问卷对师院在校大学生进行调查。结果（1）师范院校大学生存在一定程度的人际困扰,且男大学生的困扰程度显著高于女大学生;（2）各年级大学生人际困扰程度具有显著差异;（3）总体上城市大学生的人际困扰程度明显高于乡镇大学生;正在恋爱的大学生的总均分比没有正在恋爱的大学生总均分显著偏高。结论总体上师范院校大学生的人际关系基本正常,但也存在一定程度的人际困扰。性别、年级、地域、正在恋爱与否等因素对大学生的人际关系都产生显著影响,据此提出建议。     

医患冲突中医生特质信息与负性情绪反馈的作用：以失望和愤怒为例

他人失望反馈和他人愤怒反馈在人际冲突解决中起着重要作用。这一情绪的人际效应在医患冲突中是否同样成立,医生的特质对这一人际效应有何影响。为此,通过两个计算机情景模拟实验,采用“最后通牒博弈”范式,分别考察了他人失望反馈与他人愤怒反馈以及医生的温情与能力特质对于医患冲突中个体威胁评价及其冲突行为的影响。结果发现：（1）医生能力高时患者对情境的威胁评价比能力低时更高,但在有医生失望反馈中医生能力高时患者对情境的威胁评价比能力低时更低。高温情的医生愤怒时患者的威胁评价比温情低时更高。（2）医生能力高时患者的出价比能力低时更高,冲突行为更少。（3）医生温情高时患者的出价比温情低时更高,冲突行为更少。（4）在温情高能力低时,有医生愤怒反馈时患者的出价相比无情绪反馈时更低。说明了医生需谨慎表达自己的情绪。相较而言,医生的能力和温情的培养更为重要。     

Interpersonal Relationship Orientations,Leadership, and Managerial Level: Assessing the practical usefulness of the FIRO‐B in organizations

This paper investigated whether interpersonal relationship orientation, as measured by the Fundamental Interpersonal Relationship Orientations‐Behaviour (FIRO‐B), predicts ratings of leadership capability and managerial level of attainment. In all, 547 participants reported their managerial level in their organization, and were rated by trained consultants on their leadership capability. Results showed that several scores on the FIRO‐B positively predicted ratings of leadership capability and managerial level reached even after controlling for the effect of intelligence and demographic variables. This study provides some initial evidence for the validity of the FIRO‐B in the prediction of perceptual and objective measures of leadership capability. Implications for selection and assessment are discussed.     

The Family FIRO Model: Exploring Relationship Needs of “At-Risk” Families

This research investigates the conceptualization and application of the family fundamental interpersonal relations orientation(FIRO) model to an at-risk family population. The relationships between the family FIRO domains of inclusion, control, and intimacy and family functioning indices, as measured by the Family Assessment Device (FAD) subscales, were explored. An at-risk family population ( N = 43 primary caretakers) was assessed at four time intervals, using an ex post facto design with multiple linear regression model testing. The results indicated significant relationships between FIRO model domains and FAD subscales. A case example further explored the application of the family FIRO model with at-risk families.     

Psychometric Correlates of FIRO‐B Scores: Locating the FIRO‐B scores in personality factor space

This paper investigated the relationship between the six Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO)‐B scales, the Big Five Personality traits assessed by the NEO PI‐R, the Hogan Development Survey (HDS) and two measures of cognitive ability (Watson Glaser; Graduate and Managerial Assessment). It examined the concurrent and construct validity of the measure in various adult groups attending assessment centres in order to locate the FIRO‐B dimensions in established personality factor space. The FIRO‐B was consistently correlated with Extraversion, though analysis at the primary factor (facet) level showed many traits from all five factors were strongly correlated with the six FIRO‐B scores. Regressing the six FIRO‐B facets onto each of the Big Five in turn showed all were significant particularly for Expressed Inclusion and Wanted Control. The second study also showed considerable and logical overlap between the six FIRO‐B scales and the 11 dysfunctional personality strategies as measured by the HDS. There were also strong correlational patterns for the Cautious, Reserved, Colourful and Dutiful type disorders. The third study showed the FIRO‐B was statistically associated with both cognitive ability tests though it only accounted for small percentages of the explained variance. Expressed Control was the most consistently correlated of the intelligence test scores. Despite the fact that many explicable associations were found between the FIRO‐B and other measure the effect sizes were not large. Thus only 4% of the trait facet scores and 4.5% of the HDS showed medium effect sizes. Results are discussed in terms of the usefulness and possible discriminant validity of the instrument for use in selection and assessment.     

Age, gender, and interpersonal behavior development using the FIRO-BC

It has been argued that many human behaviors follow predictable developmental patterns, or stages. The FIRO-BC was given to 9- through 13-year-old children (n = 282) to test for a stage-like progression in interpersonal behavior development. The data presented here failed to evidence an age-related progression. However, gender differences did appear in 11-year-olds and increased dramatically by age 13. Geographical differences were found in that the present data differed significantly from the normative data presented in the FIRO manual. The data also support the notion that, at least within the southern population tested. interpersonal behavior may be more related to puberty than has been previously supposed.     

The relationship between the assertive behavior of parents and the behavior of their children

Abstract

This investigation attempted to measure the relationship between parents' and their children's assertive and interpersonal behavior in order to identify the family population which can best profit from interpersonal skills training. Subjects were 60 volunteer mothers and fathers and 95 children, ages six to twelve, from a white upper socio-economic suburban population. The adult assessment measures were Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior (FIRO-B) and the Adult Self-Expression Scale. The child assessment measures were Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior Children (FIRO-BC) and Self-Expression Scale: Children. The most notable result of this study indicates that contrary to most published literature on the family, assertiveness relates to affection rather than control; that assertiveness training should be subordinated to interpersonal skills training; that the FIRO instruments provide a more effective assessment of family interaction than do assertiveness instruments.     

父母支持对大学生人际适应性的影响:情绪智力的中介作用

本研究旨在考察父母支持、大学生情绪智力对其人际适应性的影响。以223名大学生为被试,采用问卷调查法对其父母支持、情绪智力与人际适应性的数据进行收集分析。结果显示:(1)父母支持与大学生人际适应性相关显著,父母的肯定价值对于他们的人际互动性解释力最强;(2)大学生情绪智力能够正向预测其人际适应性,情绪感知与其人际认知性的相关性较高;(3)大学生情绪智力在父母支持与人际适应性之间起着部分中介作用。     

Sex Roles and Social Skills Considerations for Interpersonal Adjustment

In light of claims that sex roles are differentially related to behavioral flexibility, the current study investigated the relationship between sex role orientations and performance in interpersonal situations. Males and females in each of four sex role categories (masculine-typed, feminine-typed, androgynous and undifferentiated) role-played situations requiring the appropriate expression of either commendatory or refusal assertiveness. Androgynous subjects were most effective in rated skills components for both types of situations, while undifferentiated subjects were highly ineffective. Complex interpersonal situations apparently require the use of well-integrated masculine and feminine social skills.     

The interaction of social skill and organizational support on job performance

The present study examined the moderating effect of perceived organizational support (POS) on the relationship between social skill and supervisor-rated job performance. On the basis of regulatory and activation models of behavior, the authors argue that low-POS environments activate social skill because they reflect situations in which interpersonal acuity is required to demonstrate effective job performance. Accordingly, the authors hypothesize that social skill is more strongly related to performance among workers reporting low rather than high levels of organizational support. Results of hierarchical moderated multiple regression analyses on data gathered from 2 samples support the hypothesis. These results suggest that the relevance of social skill to job performance may be dependent on contextual cues. Implications for substantive research, strengths and limitations, and directions for future research are offered.