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1.
A complex relation exists between memory and executive functioning (EF), particularly when learning and recalling multifaceted or extensive information (Moscovitch &; Winocur, 2002). A common instrument for evaluating this relationship is the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF; Rey, 1941; Osterrieth, 1944). The ROCF has proved particularly useful in pediatric research; however, little research has been conducted among children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Seventy children (35 FASD, 35 control), aged 6 to 12 years, were tested using the ROCF. All participants with FASD had received a diagnosis according to the Canadian guidelines for FASD (Chudley et al., 2005) using the 4-digit diagnostic code (Astley, 2004). Significant group differences were revealed with children with FASD demonstrating substantial difficulties in organization, accuracy, and memory. Among children with FASD, a distinctive profile emerged, lending support to the argument that children with FASD experience deficits in EF and memory throughout their development. Information from the present study will not only help to improve understanding of functioning in this population but also provide insight into how to deal with EF and memory deficits in terms of testing, treatment, and intervention. 相似文献
2.
Sean T. Chamberlain 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2013,26(2):197-207
Abstract This study considered relationships between the intensity and directional aspects of competitive state anxiety as measured by the modified Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory-2(D) (Jones & Swain, 1992) in a sample of 12 experienced male golfers. Anxiety and performance scores from identical putting tasks performed under three different anxiety-manipulated competitive conditions were used to assess both the predictions of Multidimensional Anxiety Theory (MAT; Martens et al., 1990) and the relative value of intensity and direction in explaining performance variance. A within-subjects regression analysis of the intra-individual data showed partial support for the three MAT hypotheses. Cognitive anxiety intensity demonstrated a negative linear relationship with performance, somatic anxiety intensity showed a curvilinear relationship with performance, and self-confidence intensity revealed a positive linear relation. Cognitive directional anxiety illustrated a positive linear relationship with putting performance. Multiple regression analyses indicated that direction (42% of variance) was a better predictor of performance than intensity (22%) 相似文献
3.
It is often parents who introduce their children to competitive sports and parents who then provide remarkable emotional and material support across their children's athletic careers (Bloom, 1985; Côté, 1999). Considerable research documents athletes’ retirement experiences (Baillie, 1993; Baillie & Danish, 1992; Svoboda & Vanek, 1982; Werthner & Orlick, 1982), yet none explores the effects of retirement on parents. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of athletes’ disengagement from sport on parents. In-depth interviews were conducted with six parents of former female elite gymnasts who had been retired for three to five years and the data analyzed inductively (Côté, Salmela, Baria, & Russell, 1993; Lally & Kerr, 2005; Miller & Kerr, 2002, 2003). Their daughters’ withdrawal from gymnastics and their own immediate disengagement from the world of elite sport had a tremendous impact on the participants’ personal and social relationships, leaving them struggling with weighty self-doubts over their failure to intervene with abusive coaches. 相似文献
4.
Dr Petri Juujärvi Jukka Kaartinen Lea Pulkkinen Esko Vanninen Tomi Laitinen 《Cognition & emotion》2013,27(6):759-784
The authors investigated how the relationship between the acts of proactive and reactive aggression was moderated by the individual differences in cognitive regulation of emotion. An aggression paradigm, a electrocardiogram recording, a cognitive assessment battery, and a short form IQ test were completed by 109 children, aged 8 to 13 years (Juujärvi, Kaartinen, Laitinen, Vanninen, & Pulkkinen, 2006; Juujärvi, Kooistra, Kaartinen, & Pulkkinen, 2001; Lehto, Juujärvi, Kooistra, & Pulkkinen, 2003). The less the children subdued the intensity of their defence to the attacks in the aggression paradigm, the poorer they performed in the cognitive assessment battery tasks measuring Working memory capacity and in the task assessing crystallised intelligence. The mean cardiovascular reactivity during the aggression paradigm was neither associated with the performances in either the cognitive assessment battery nor the intelligence tasks. Both information processing and knowledge dimensions of cognition contributed to regulation of emotion, but the respective effects of the processes cannot be inferred from the mean cardiovascular reactivity. 相似文献
5.
Richard W. Handel Robert P. Archer David E. Elkins John A. Mason Elise C. Simonds-Bisbee 《Journal of personality assessment》2013,95(6):566-581
In this study, we evaluated the internal psychometric properties and external correlates of scores on the Clinical, Content, and Supplementary scales in a forensic sample of 496 adolescents (315 boys and 181 girls) who were court-ordered to receive psychological evaluations. We examined Cronbach's alpha coefficients, scale intercorrelation matrices, and frequencies of scale elevations. Further, we found varying degrees of support for the convergent and discriminant validity of scores on the MMPI–A (Butcher et al., 1992) Clinical, Content, and Supplementary scales. This study adds to the body of literature establishing the utility of the MMPI–A in forensic evaluations. 相似文献
6.
Eve-Marie Quintin Anjali Bhatara Hélène Poissant Eric Fombonne 《Child neuropsychology》2013,19(3):250-275
Enhanced pitch perception and memory have been cited as evidence of a local processing bias in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This bias is argued to account for enhanced perceptual functioning (Mottron &; Burack, 2001; Mottron, Dawson, Soulières, Hubert, &; Burack, 2006) and central coherence theories of ASD (Frith, 1989; Happé &; Frith, 2006). A local processing bias confers a different cognitive style to individuals with ASD (Happé, 1999), which accounts in part for their good visuospatial and visuoconstructive skills. Here, we present analogues in the auditory domain, audiotemporal or audioconstructive processing, which we assess using a novel experimental task: a musical puzzle. This task evaluates the ability of individuals with ASD to process temporal sequences of musical events as well as various elements of musical structure and thus indexes their ability to employ a global processing style. Musical structures created and replicated by children and adolescents with ASD (10–19 years old) and typically developing children and adolescents (7–17 years old) were found to be similar in global coherence. Presenting a musical template for reference increased accuracy equally for both groups, with performance associated to performance IQ and short-term auditory memory. The overall pattern of performance was similar for both groups; some puzzles were easier than others and this was the case for both groups. Task performance was further found to be correlated with the ability to perceive musical emotions, more so for typically developing participants. Findings are discussed in light of the empathizing-systemizing theory of ASD (Baron-Cohen, 2009) and the importance of describing the strengths of individuals with ASD (Happé, 1999; Heaton, 2009). 相似文献
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James R. Daugherty John E. Kurtz John B. Phebus 《Journal of personality assessment》2013,95(4):373-380
In this study, we compared self-ratings and informant ratings of personality as predictors of implicit motives, need for achievement (nAch), and need for affiliation (nAff). A total of 120 participants wrote creative stories to 5 images from the Picture Story Exercise (Smith, 1992) and completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (Costa &; McCrae, 1992). Three well-acquainted informants rated each participant's personality with the Big Five Inventory (John &; Srivastava, 1999) and Saucier's (1994) Mini-Markers. Consistent with the study hypotheses, peer ratings of Conscientiousness significantly predicted nAch scores after controlling for word count and self-rated Conscientiousness. Contrary to hypotheses, peer ratings and self-ratings in all 5 domains did not significantly predict nAff scores. The findings are considered in the interest of bridging the gap between trait and motive concepts in personality assessment. 相似文献
9.
This case study was designed to investigate the forms of sharing on a soccer team during matches. Specifically, we focused on how objectives and contextual information were shared between players during offensive transition situations. Data were collected and processed using a procedure for psycho-phenomenological analysis (Vermersch, 2012). The results describe how the changing relationships between objective and contextual information sharing affected team coordination. We discuss the factors underlying the emergence of these forms of sharing and how they changed (i.e., the level of interdependence between players' actions), and we offer soccer coaches some practical applications. 相似文献
10.
Sanna M. Nordin Jennifer Cumming Jenny Vincent Stephen McGrory 《Journal of Applied Sport Psychology》2013,25(4):345-362
Imagery use was examined within the deliberate practice framework (Ericsson, Krampe, & Tesch-Römer, 1993). Athletes (N = 150) from three competitive levels (recreational, intermediate, and elite) completed an adapted version of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ; Hall, Mack, Paivio, & Hausenblas, 1998). Each SIQ item was scored for frequency, deliberation, relevance, concentration, and enjoyment. Eight SIQ items were deemed to be deliberate practice: five cognitive-specific images, two cognitive-general images, and one motivational general-mastery image. Motivational-specific imagery instead resembled deliberate play (Côté, Baker, & Abernethy, 2003). Elite and intermediate athletes used imagery more frequently and deliberately and perceived imagery to be more relevant and requiring more concentration than recreational athletes. Differences also existed regarding how deliberately the athletes engaged in various imagery types. The findings may inform applied practitioners regarding differences in imagery use between competitive levels and differences in the characteristics of imagery types. 相似文献
11.
《European Journal of Developmental Psychology》2013,10(3):326-337
The study examined whether the four constructs of forgivingness found in adults—propensity to lasting resentment, sensitivity to circumstances, willingness to forgive, and willingness to avenge—were already in place among adolescents. It also examined the differences in propensity to forgive and related constructs between young adolescents and older adolescents. More than 500 adolescents (124 sixth graders, 170 seventh graders, 135 eighth graders, and 78 ninth graders) were presented with a slightly modified version of the Forgivingness Scale (Mullet, Barros, Frongia, Usai, Neto, & Rivière-Shafighi, 2003). The same four-factor structure that was found among adults was also found among adolescents. Scores regarding sensitivity to circumstances and willingness to forgive were lower among older adolescents than among younger adolescents. Scores regarding lasting resentment and willingness to avenge were higher among older adolescents than among younger adolescents. 相似文献
12.
Phebe Cramer 《Journal of personality assessment》2017,99(1):15-24
This study investigates the question of whether different Thematic Apperception Test (TAT; Murray, 1943) cards are likely to prompt stories that are characterized by different defense mechanisms. This condition is known as card pull and refers to the probability that different TAT cards elicit different personality scores for the same variable. If so, the assessment of defense use would be importantly influenced by the TAT cards used in an assessment. TAT stories from 3 different community samples were examined (Ns = 91, 98, 121), using a statistical method developed by Stein et al (2014). The results indicated that different TAT cards pull for different defenses, as assessed by the Defense Mechanism Manual (DMM: Cramer, 1991b). However, the nature of card pull was not always consistent across samples. These dissimilarities could be due to group differences, or to the presence of different TAT cards used in the test battery, indicating that card pull is importantly determined by context. 相似文献
13.
This research was designed to investigate the items and factor structure of the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ) proposed by Torrubia, Avila, Moltó, and Caseras (2001), as a measure of the behavioral inhibition system and behavioral activation system in Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory. Recent studies that analyzed this instrument by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis suggest the need for structural refinement. The Spanish version of the SPSRQ was analyzed by exploratory and confirmatory procedures in calibration (n = 2,102) and validation (n = 746) independent samples. In addition, convergent and discriminant validity was evaluated with the Zuckerman–Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (Zuckerman, Kuhlman, Teta, Joireman, &; Kraft, 1993), the Impulsiveness, Venturesomeness and Empathy Inventory (S. B. G. Eysenck, Pearson, Easting, &; Allsopp, 1985) the Neuroticism, Extraversion and Openness Five Factor Inventory (Costa &; McCrae, 1992), and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scales (Barratt, 1985). Results showed the robustness of a 20-item structure of the SPSRQ, with satisfactory fit adjustment, validity, and reliability. The findings are discussed in terms of the better functioning and sound psychometric properties of the SPSRQ 20-item version for Gray's personality theory. 相似文献
14.
Herbert Hoijtink Pascal van Kooten Koenraad Hulsker 《Multivariate behavioral research》2016,51(1):20-22
Hoijtink, van Kooten, and Hulsker (2016) outline a research agenda for Bayesian psychologists: evaluate and use the frequency properties of Bayes factors. Morey, Wagenmakers, and Rouder (2016) respond that Bayes factors calibrated using frequency properties should not be used. This paper contains the response of Hoijtink, van Kooten, and Hulsker to the criticism of Morey, Wagenmakers, and Rouder (2016). 相似文献
15.
Paul C. Vitz Christina P. Lynch 《The International journal for the psychology of religion》2013,23(1):61-80
Abstract This article interprets the life of Thérèse of Lisieux within the general theoretical context of Bowlby's (1969, 1973, 1980) attachment theory and with reference to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(text rev. [DSM-IV- TR], American Psychiatric Association, 2000) criteria for separation anxiety. Recent theoretical interpretations of the religious life within the context of attachment theory by Kirkpatrick (1999) and Granqvist (2003) are of special relevance. Thérèse's childhood psychological experiences and her later adult experiences in the religious life are presented and discussed. It is proposed that Thérèse was able to use her childhood attachment traumas and pathological experiences of separation anxiety as a positive source of motivation in her search for and response to God. 相似文献
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Claude de Tychey Salomé Garnier Joëlle Lighezzolo-Alnot Philippe Claudon Christine Rebourg-Roesler 《Journal of personality assessment》2013,95(3):189-206
We began the study with a theoretical comparison of the concepts of alexithymia and operative thought in terms of etiology as well as with a specific approach to comparing the concepts using the Rorschach Inkblot Method (Rorschach, 1921) with both Exner's (1986) Comprehensive System and the Parisian School (Chabert, 1983, 1987; Rausch de Traubenburg, 2000) methods of coding and interpretation. We then present a longitudinal clinical study of a woman suffering perinatal depression starting at 8 months gestation until 34 months postpartum. The case shows how an accumulation of stressful and traumatic life events in the early perinatal period generates a reactive, structured alexithymia. This psychic process transforms an initial acceptance of therapy into a refusal to engage in a therapeutic alliance along with persistent depressive symptoms, impaired quality of life, and maladaptive coping strategies. 相似文献
18.
Thierry Chevalley Walter Schaeken 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2016,69(4):728-751
When solving a simple probabilistic problem, people tend to build an incomplete mental representation. We observe this pattern in responses to probabilistic problems over a set of premises using the conjunction, disjunction, and conditional propositional connectives. The mental model theory of extensional reasoning explains this bias towards underestimating the number of possibilities: In reckoning with different interpretations of the premises (logical rules, mental model theoretical, and, specific to conditional premises, conjunction and biconditional interpretation) the mental model theory accounts for the majority of observations. Different interpretations of a premise result in a build-up of mental models that are often incomplete. These mental models are processed using either an extensional strategy relying on proportions amongst models, or a conflict monitoring strategy. The consequence of considering too few possibilities is an erroneous probability estimate akin to that faced by decision makers who fail to generate and consider all alternatives, a characteristic of bounded rationality. We compare our results to the results published by Johnson-Laird, Legrenzi, Girotto, Legrenzi, and Caverni [Johnson-Laird, P., Legrenzi, P., Girotto, V., Legrenzi, M., &; Caverni, J. (1999). Naive probability: A mental model theory of extensional reasoning. Psychological Review, 106, 62–88. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.106.1.62], and we observe lower performance levels than those in the original article. 相似文献
19.
《The journal of positive psychology》2013,8(6):500-510
Using the Revised Youth Purpose Survey (Bundick et al., 2006), the Trait Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1991), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985), the present study examined the relationship among purpose, hope, and life satisfaction among 153 adolescents, 237 emerging adults, and 416 adults (N = 806). Results of this cross-sectional study revealed that having identified a purpose in life was associated with greater life satisfaction at these three stages of life. However, searching for a purpose was only associated with increased life satisfaction during adolescence and emerging adulthood. Additionally, aspects of hope mediated the relationship between purpose and life satisfaction at all three stages of life. Implications of these results for effectively fostering purpose are discussed. 相似文献
20.
The Revised Almost Perfect Scale (APS–R; Slaney, Mobley, Trippi, Ashby, &; Johnson, 1996) was designed to measure perfectionistic strivings (standards), perfectionistic concerns (discrepancy), and preferences for neatness and organization (order). In this study, English and Spanish (Arana, Keegan, &; Rutsztein, 2009) versions of the APS–R were compared in samples of 283 college students in Argentina and 311 U.S. students. The results offered support for cross-national scalar invariance for discrepancy and order items but standards items, with a few exceptions, raised concerns about their cross-national comparability. Tests of latent means revealed no differences between the countries for discrepancy, but the order factor mean was higher in the U.S. sample. Age and gender had negligible effects on measurement models. Discrepancy was strongly related to depressive symptoms for both samples. Unlike in the U.S. sample, there was a significant association for the Argentina sample between standards and discrepancy. Overall, results indicated that discrepancy items performed well, order items were adequate with some measurement adjustments, and standards items should be revisited for their cross-cultural utility. Translation issues and general values in Argentina and the United States (e.g., collectivism–individualism) are discussed that might affect how perfectionism is understood and measured in different cultural contexts. 相似文献