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1.
Michiel Korthals 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2003,1(4):385-395
During the coming decades, life scientists will become involved more than ever in the public and private lives of patients
and consumers, as health and food sciences shift from a collective approach towards individualization, from a curative to
a preventive approach, and from being driven by desires rather than by technology. This means that the traditional relationships
between the activities of life scientists – conducting research, advising industry, governments, and patients/consumers, consulting
the public, and prescribing products, be it patents, drugs or food products, information, or advice – are getting blurred.
Traditional concepts of the individual, role, task, and collective responsibility have to be revised. This paper argues, from
a pragmatic point of view, that the concept of public responsibility can contribute considerably in delineating new gray zones
between the various roles of the life scientist: conducting research for governments or industry, giving advice, prescribing
and selling products, and doing public consultation. The main issues are where new Chinese walls (not Berlin walls) need to
be built between these activities, thereby increasing trust between life scientists and the public at large, and how to organize
research agendas and to decide upon research topics.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Moser A 《Science and engineering ethics》2000,6(3):365-382
This paper deals with an approach to the integration of science (with technology and economics), ethics (with religion and
mysticism), the arts (aesthetics) and Nature, in order to establish a world-view based on holistic, evolutionary ethics that
could help with problem solving. The author suggests that this integration is possible with the aid of “Nature’s wisdom” which
is mirrored in the macroscopic pattern of the ecosphere. The corresponding eco-principles represent the basis for unifying
soft and hard sciences resulting in “deep sciences”. Deduction and induction will remain the methodology for deep sciences
and will include conventional experiments and aesthetic and sentient experiences. Perception becomes the decisive factor with
the senses as operators for the building of consciousness through the subconscious. In this paper, an attempt at integrating
the concepts of the “true”, the “right” and the “beautiful” with the aid of Nature’s wisdom is explained in more detail along
with consequences.
The author is a bioprocess engineer with a research interest in environmental issues. 相似文献
3.
Dr. Carl Mitcham 《Science and engineering ethics》1995,1(2):113-132
Editorial note:The following bibliographic survey of computer ethics is intended as a general introduction useful to guide both preliminary
research and course development. It is the first of a series that Carl Mitcham will be doing on a number of specific discussions
of ethics in science and technology. Future installments are projected on nuclear ethics, engineering ethics, ethics in scientific
research, and biomedical ethics.
With this [book] I issue “a call to arms.” The world needs much more discussion and writing on the social and ethical issues
surrounding computing. I hope readers .... will take up the challenge. 相似文献
4.
Prof. Dr. Ing. Anton Moser 《Science and engineering ethics》1995,1(3):241-260
As a result of contemporary environmental problems, scientists are focusing their interests on developing a greater understanding
of nature. Described in this paper is a view of life and the environment as a case of complex systems analysis; this analysis
results in a series of general principles which are manifested in life and bioprocesses. These ‘eco-principles’ will be very
useful as guidelines for the eco-restructuring of technology as well as the reorientation of human activities towards a sustainable
lifestyle which includes the economy, society, management of industry, the university and even the church. The goal is a society
which will be in harmony with the laws of nature (‘Principia Ecologica’).
The author is a bioprocess engineer interested in achieving a transition from ‘biotech’ to ‘ecotech’. 相似文献
5.
Maarten A. Hajer 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1995,8(4):26-39
This article examines how “design rationality” could help remediate the controversy over environmental degradation. Drawing
on the case of designing sustainable forms of traffic management, it argues that this will only be effective to a limited
degree. “Policy conversation” does indeed take place but within a coalition of actions that pushes a particular set of solutions.
This facilitates due procedure but erodes political legitimacy, thus potentially reproducing an intractable controversy. The
article suggests a five-phase model of democratic control as an alternative.
He primarily works in the field of sociology of technology and environment. He is presently involved in a research project
on the social redefinition of mobility, analyzing the translation of sustainable development into new institutional arrangements. 相似文献
6.
Lessons on the utilization of research from nine case experiences in the natural hazards field 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Research-funding organizations and research investigators can take several steps to improve the utilization of scientific
research. These steps were derived from nine case studies of research projects in the natural hazards field, representing
three academic fields of study: physical science, social science, and architecture.
The case studies investigated the extent to which these projects corroborated the conditions associated with specific theories
of research utilization. Following a replication research design, the cross-case conclusions were that greater utilization
will result where research investigators and users maintain a rich set of professional communications over time, leading to
research that is: academically excellent, addresses practical problems, can be modified in the early stages to be responsive
to users’ needs, and produces usable products.
Robert K. Yin is President of COSMOS Corporation, which specializes in both social science research and in information systems
development. Dr. Yin also serves as a visiting professor, department of Computer Science and Information Systems, American
University, Washington, D.C. 20016.
Gwendolyn B. Moore is a senior manager for Nolan, Norton, & Co., an information technology affiliate of Peat Marwick. She
specializes in information technology and strategic planning projects, and holds an MBA in Business Policy from the University
of Massachusetts. 相似文献
7.
Arianna Ferrari 《Nanoethics》2010,4(1):27-52
This paper aims to review different discourses within the emerging field of ethical reflection on nanotechnology. I will start
by analysing the early stages of this debate, showing how it has been focused on searching for legitimacy for this sphere
of moral inquiry. I will then characterise an ethical approach, common to many authors, which frames ethical issues in terms
of risks and benefits. This approach identifies normative issues where there are conflicts of interest or where challenges
to the fundamental values of our society arise. In response to the limitations of this approach, other commentators have called
for more profound analysis of the limits of our knowledge, and have appealed to values, such as sustainability or responsibility,
which should, they suggest, inform nanotechnological development (I will define this approach as a “sophisticated form of
prudence”). After showing the ways in which these frameworks are limited, I will examine more recent developments in debates
on nanoethics which call for the contextualisation of ethical discourse in its ontological, epistemic and socio-economic and
political reflections. Such contextualisation thus involves inquiry into the ‘metaphysical research program’ (MRP) of nanotechnology/ies
and analysis of the socio-economic, political and historical reality of nano. These ideas offer genuinely new insights into
the kind of approach required for nanoethical reflection: they recover a sense of the present alongside the need to engage
with the past, while avoiding speculation on the future. 相似文献
8.
Risk analysis and regulatory systems are usually evaluated according to utilitarian frameworks, as they are viewed to operate
“objectively” by considering the health, environmental, and economic impacts of technological applications. Yet, the estimation
of impacts during risk analysis and the decisions in regulatory review are affected by value choices of actors and stakeholders;
attention to principles such as autonomy, justice, and integrity; and power relationships. In this article, case studies of
biotechnology are used to illustrate how non-utilitarian principles are prominent in risk analysis and regulatory review and
to argue that these relationships should be carefully considered as we consider nanotechnology oversight systems for its products.
We argue that there are not distinct separations between “science-based” review systems, in which evaluations of the consequences
of technological products are primarily considered, and principles of integrity, justice, non-maleficence, and autonomy. It
should further be expected that, given research into fair treatment during decision-making processes, attention to ethics
will affect how citizens assess emerging technologies. Finally, a more holistic approach for evaluating oversight systems
for the products of nanotechnology is suggested, one which does not draw a sharp distinction between risk analysis, regulation,
and respect for non-utilitarian values.
相似文献
John C. BesleyEmail: |
9.
Am TG 《Nanoethics》2011,5(1):15-28
Trust has become an important aspect of evaluating the relationship between lay public and technology implementation. Experiences
have shown that a focus on trust provides a richer understanding of reasons for backlashes of technology in society than a
mere focus of public understanding of risks and science communication. Therefore, trust is also widely used as a key concept
for understanding and predicting trust or distrust in emerging technologies. But whereas trust broadens the scope for understanding established technologies with well-defined questions
and controversies, it easily fails to do so with emerging technologies, where there are no shared questions, a lack of public
familiarity with the technology in question, and a restricted understanding amongst social researchers as to where distrust
is likely to arise and how and under which form the technology will actually be implemented. Rather contrary, ‘trust’ might
sometimes even direct social research into fixed structures that makes it even more difficult for social research to provide
socially robust knowledge. This article therefore suggests that if trust is to maintain its important role in evaluating emerging
technologies, the approach has to be widened and initially focus not on people’s motivations for trust, but rather the object of trust it self, as to predicting how and where distrust might appear, how the object is
established as an object of trust, and how it is established in relation with the public. 相似文献
10.
It has been suggested that focusing on procedures when setting priorities for health care avoids the conflicts that arise
when attempting to agree on principles. A prominent example of this approach is “accountability for reasonableness.” We will
argue that the same problem arises with procedural accounts; reasonable people will disagree about central elements in the
process. We consider the procedural condition of appeal process and three examples of conflicts over coverage decisions: a
patients’ rights law in Norway, health technologies coverage recommendations in the UK, and care withheld by HMOs in the US.
In each case a process is at the center of controversy, illustrating the difficulties in establishing procedures that are
widely accepted as legitimate. Further work must be done in developing procedural frameworks.
The opinions expressed are the authors’ own. They do not reflect any position or policy of the National Institutes of Health,
US Public Health Service, or Department of Health and Human Services. This research was supported by the Intramural Research
Program of the NIH Clinical Center. 相似文献
11.
In this paper, we discuss an approach to ‘design for wow’ that focuses on the emotions that constitute a wow-experience. In
this approach, the eliciting conditions of these emotions are used to define a product character with a high wow-impact. In
addition to the approach, a measurable wow-index is introduced. First, a concept of wow is described in which wow is explained
as a combination of fascination, pleasant surprise, and desire. The eliciting conditions of these three emotions are examined
and combined to a ‘wow-appraisal.’ This concept is applied in the design of a mobile telephone. A combination of qualitative
and quantitative research methods was used to formulate concern themes relevant for the wow-appraisal. These themes were used
to create a layered product character and a prototype of the final design. An evaluation study demonstrated that the product
designed with this approach rated higher on the wow-index than alternative products. 相似文献
12.
Bj?rn Thomassen 《Philosophia》2012,40(2):237-252
This article argues that we must abandon the still predominant view of modernity as based upon a separation between the secular
and the religious - a “separation” which is allegedly now brought into question again in “postsecularity”. It is more meaningful
to start from the premise that religion and politics have always co-existed in various fields of tension and will continue
to do so. The question then concerns the natures and modalities of this tension, and how one can articulate a publically grounded
reason with reference to it. It will first be argued that this question cannot be articulated, let alone fully answered, from
the position developed by John Rawls. A different approach will then be developed, building on the writings of Eric Voegelin.
This involves a much more serious engagement with the classical tradition in thought and philosophy than found in Rawls. It
also implies much more than a “pragmatic” recognition of religion as a possible source for overlapping consensus, since for
Voegelin a true, balanced rationality can only depart from an experientially grounded encounter with the transcendent. 相似文献
13.
James Lewis 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2003,16(2):34-41
This article discusses the limited utility of the concepts of “cyber terrorism” or “electronic Pearl Harbor.” It contrasts
the absence of cyber terror incidents with the large number of terrorist attacks and computer security incidents in recent
years. It suggests that this discrepancy is explained both by the low appeal of cyber weapons to terrorists and because critical
infrastructures and nations are not vulnerable to computer attacks. The article calls for a more rigorous approach to data
collection for cyber security incidents, and suggests cyber security should not be seen primarily as a national security issue.
Before joining CSIS, he served in the U.S. Foreign Service and worked on security, intelligence, and technology issues. Lewis’s
current research covers cyber security, spectrum management, authentication, and technology’s role in national security. He
received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1984. 相似文献
14.
The term dual use technologies refers to research and technology with the potential both to yield valuable scientific knowledge
and to be used for nefarious purposes with serious consequences for public health or the environment. There are two main approaches
to assessing dual use technologies: pragmatic and metaphysical. A pragmatic approach relies on ethical principles and norms
to generate specific guidance and policy for dual use technologies. A metaphysical approach exhorts us to the deeper study
of human nature, our intentions, goals, values ideals and social relations when considering dual use technology. Use of science
and technology (S and T) is determined by two components of human nature: human intentions and choices. We have drawn a distinction
between specific measures, goals and intentions with respect to technologies in order to show that moral judgment about technologies
must precede their use. Understanding of our intentionality and values, and our moral ideals, as a measurable, tangible part
of the real world is important for the prevention of any possible harm from S and T. In the context of dual use technologies,
we stress the importance of three main understandings of human nature: vulnerability, responsibility and narrative identity.
These can become a strong ontological “antidote” to technology’s poisoning of modern man. Each new technology can be measured
and compared with man’s values, traditions and societal norms. This can be done bearing in mind the concept that human nature
is not dualistic, but pluralistic. A system of ethical principles that includes the principles of good intentions, the correspondence
of goals and means, the balancing of risks and benefits, simplicity, and contextuality, will help ensure that technologies
are more humanistic and friendly to human beings. 相似文献
15.
Muhammad Shahidullah 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1999,12(1):27-44
A planned strategy of engagement, in order to benefit from, and contribute to Western science and technology, should be the
major focus of science and technology policy in the Third World. What is needed is a strategy of vigorous and innovative engagement
which will be based on an open approach to Western science and technology, a dynamic model of science development integration
and institutional reforms for qualitative improvements in the social structure of science in the Third World.
Reprinted from Knowledge and Policy: The International Journal of Knowledge Transfer and Utilization, Spring 1990, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 3–20.
His research interests include comparative science and technology policy, organizational behavior, and sociology of change
and modernization. 相似文献
16.
This paper introduces the Eight Dimensional Methodology for Innovative Thinking (the Eight Dimensional Methodology), for innovative
problem solving, as a unified approach to case analysis that builds on comprehensive problem solving knowledge from industry,
business, marketing, math, science, engineering, technology, arts, and daily life. It is designed to stimulate innovation
by quickly generating unique “out of the box” unexpected and high quality solutions. It gives new insights and thinking strategies
to solve everyday problems faced in the workplace, by helping decision makers to see otherwise obscure alternatives and solutions.
Daniel Raviv, the engineer who developed the Eight Dimensional Methodology, and paper co-author, technology ethicist Rosalyn
Berne, suggest that this tool can be especially useful in identifying solutions and alternatives for particular problems of
engineering, and for the ethical challenges which arise with them. First, the Eight Dimensional Methodology helps to elucidate
how what may appear to be a basic engineering problem also has ethical dimensions. In addition, it offers to the engineer
a methodology for penetrating and seeing new dimensions of those problems.
To demonstrate the effectiveness of the Eight Dimensional Methodology as an analytical tool for thinking about ethical challenges
to engineering, the paper presents the case of the construction of the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) on Mount Graham in
Arizona. Analysis of the case offers to decision makers the use of the Eight Dimensional Methodology in considering alternative
solutions for how they can proceed in their goals of exploring space. It then follows that same process through the second
stage of exploring the ethics of each of those different solutions.
The LBT project pools resources from an international partnership of universities and research institutes for the construction
and maintenance of a highly sophisticated, powerful new telescope. It will soon mark the erection of the world’s largest and
most powerful optical telescope, designed to see fine detail otherwise visible only from space. It also represents a controversial
engineering project that is being undertaken on land considered to be sacred by the local, native Apache people. As presented,
the case features the University of Virginia, and its challenges in consideration of whether and how to join the LBT project
consortium.
Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the “Ethics and Social Responsibility in Engineering and Technology” meeting,
New Orlenas, 2003 and at the American Society of Engineering Education (ASEE) annual Meeting, 2003. 相似文献
17.
David Kaimowitz 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1990,3(3):36-43
Knowledge Information Systems (KIS) institutions must receive strong and focused external pressure to function synergetically
over sustained periods. This external pressure should be exercised by other elements in the system. Without such pressure,
institutions and personnel act to fulfill their own social and political needs more than those of their clients, and their
effectiveness is inevitably reduced. This article is concerned with the “moving forces” that instill public agricultural knowledge
systems with particular dynamics. The article's objectives are to predict under what circumstances external pressures will
occur and their likely outcomes, and to advise KIS managers on how they can be managed. The first section reviews the evolution
of the concept of external pressure as a moving force in the dynamics of technology systems. The next four sections examine
the roles of policy makers, foreign agencies, farmers, and the private sector, respectively, in pressuring KIS institutions.
The sixth section explores how institutions behave without external pressure. A final section looks at what all this implies
for KIS managers' “room to maneuver.”
David Kaimowitz can be reached at ISNAR, P.O. Box 93375, 2509 AJ, The Hague, The Netherlands. His interests include agricultural
research and technology transfer. 相似文献
18.
Fleischmann ST 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(2):369-381
Ethical decision-making is essential to professionalism in engineering. For that reason, ethics is a required topic in an
ABET approved engineering curriculum and it must be a foundational strand that runs throughout the entire curriculum. In this
paper the curriculum approach that is under development at the Padnos School of Engineering (PSE) at Grand Valley State University
will be described. The design of this program draws heavily from the successful approach used at the service academies — in
particular West Point and the United States Naval Academy. As is the case for the service academies, all students are introduced
to the “Honor Concept” (which includes an Honor Code) as freshmen. As an element of professionalism the PSE program requires
1500 hours of co-op experience which is normally divided into three semesters of full-time work alternated with academic semesters
during the last two years of the program. This offers the faculty an opportunity to teach ethics as a natural aspect of professionalism
through the academic requirements for co-op. In addition to required elements throughout the program, the students are offered
opportunities to participate in service projects which highlight responsible citizenship. These elements and other parts of
the approach will be described.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the “Ethics and Social Responsibility in Engineering and Technology” meeting, New Orleans, 2003. 相似文献King Solomon
19.
Desheng Zong 《Dao》2010,9(4):445-459
The aim of this essay is to outline a conceptual framework for a type of philosophy (or approach to philosophy) to be herein
called “non-sentential philosophy.” Although I will primarily concern myself with the conceptual coherence of the framework
in this essay, illustrations will be provided to show that the notion has rich implications for comparative studies. In particular,
I believe this theoretical framework will be of interest to those looking for a way to capture the differences between certain
non-Western philosophical traditions—such as Chinese philosophy—and Western philosophy, a tradition in which the sentential
approach is dominant. 相似文献
20.
Interrogative Belief Revision in Modal Logic 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sebastian Enqvist 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2009,38(5):527-548
The well known AGM framework for belief revision has recently been extended to include a model of the research agenda of the agent, i.e. a set of questions to which the agent wishes to find answers (Olsson & Westlund in Erkenntnis, 65, 165–183, 2006). The resulting model has later come to be called interrogative belief revision. While belief revision has been studied extensively from the point of view of modal logic, so far interrogative belief revision
has only been dealt with in the metalanguage approach in which AGM was originally presented. In this paper, I show how to
model interrogative belief revision in a modal object language using a class of operators for questions. In particular, the
solution I propose will be shown to capture the notion of K-truncation, a method for agenda update in the case of expansion constructed by Olsson & Westlund. Two case studies are conducted: first,
an interrogative extension of Krister Segerberg’s system DDL, and then a similar extension of Giacomo Bonanno’s modal logic
for belief revision. Sound and complete axioms will be provided for both of the resulting logics. 相似文献