Défis et contraintes des recherches sur les familles recomposées : l'exemple de la relation belle-mère-belle-fille

Research accomplished in this field indicates clearly that of all the members of the stepfamily, it is the stepmother that encounters the most difficulties in adapting to the stepfamily situation. Furthermore, the same research also shows that the stepmother/stepdaughter relationship appears to be the most challenging of all dyads. This analysis also enables us to identify the results that appear most significant and to propose different hypotheses for future research.     

La fonction évaluative de la personnologie, vers la mise en évidence de deux dimensions de la valeur : la désirabilité sociale et l'utilité sociale

It is now widely recognized that Evaluation is a very powerful and fundamental dimension underlying trait structures, but what is Evaluation? In this paper we review various models (and empirical data) related to the signification of the Evaluative factor in personality traits. This review will lead us to defend the hypothesis that personality traits communicate two dimensions of value: (1) social desirability (SD) which refers to affective valence or motivation and (2) social utility (SU) which corresponds to the fundamental principle of evaluation in a society. We'll present empirical data supporting this conception.     

Validation de la version française de l'échelle de réflexivité en groupe de Carter et West, 1998

Several studies found reflexivity —the extent to which team discuss objectives, strategies and processes and adapt them to changes— to be related to team efficacy. Two studies were conducted with 80 teams (320 participants) to validate French version of reflexivity scale. In study 1 exploratory factor analysis revealed 3 factors which partly confirms the 2 factor structure (task reflexivity and social reflexivity) expected from the original study (Carter and West, 1998). Two items of the original task reflexivity scale load on a third factor we named strategic reflexivity. The three factor structure was replicated in study 2 with confirmatory factor analysis. Criterion validity is proved by correlations between reflexivity and team performance. Task, social and strategic reflexivity correlate with different aspects of team effectiveness. The French version of reflexivity scale is reliable and appropriate for evaluating team reflexivity.     

Optimisme comparatif dans le milieu professionnel : l'influence de la fréquence et de la gravité sur la perception des risques d'accident du travail

The aim of this study is to test if people express comparative optimism when they evaluate their risk of being confronted to various work accidents compared to their colleagues. We also test the assumption according to which individuals are as much more optimistic as the event is threatening. Thus, an accident which is serious and probable (and consequently more threatening) should generate a maximum of comparative optimism. Our population is composed by employees of a mirror manufacture company. The latter evaluated their personal risk and that of one of their colleagues to be confronted with a severe /rare, severe/frequent, non severe/rare or non severe/frequent accident. Our results reveal the presence of an optimistic bias and this particularly for the severe and frequent accident. These data are discussed in terms of defensive bias and self esteem maintenance.     

L'effet de l'hétérogénéité sémantique dans la détection de mots

The effects of three semantic factors (semantic priming of the target, semantic distance between the word-target and distractors, and semantic heterogeneity of the target context) on the detection of a word among other words were examined by using the classical paradigm of target detection (varying the number of distractors). Results showed that these three semantic factors affect performance: a target was better detected 1) when primed by its superordinate category than when it was defined as the “odd-one-out”; 2) when the semantic context was homogeneous than heterogeneous; and 3) when it was semantically unrelated to the context than semantically related. These results help specifying the cognitive processing of each word while searching for a word among others.     

Influence de la composition de la fratrie sur les pratiques éducatives parentales déclarées et sur la représentation de l'éducation chez les préadolescents

The aim of our study is to analyze the influence of the make up of the siblings on the parents' educational practices and also on the meaning of education to preadolescents. The results gathered from a sample of 88 preadolescents and their mothers show a difference of parental educational practices according to the make up of the siblings (relaxation of the practices with the youngest). The study of the meaning of education to preadolescents shows that only children are the most in accordance with their mothers. Children from large families imagine a future education further from mothers' educational practices.     

L'accord grammatical de genre dans la dysphasie de développement

Various studies report that children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) have important difficulties in using grammatical morphemes expressing gender, number or tense but none of these studies let us determine whether agreement perception is impaired. To answer this question, 18 children with SLI and 18 control children without language impairment participated in two tasks testing production and perception of French gender agreement between determiner and noun. The results showed that (i) only children with SLI produced gender errors or determiner omissions whereas (ii) both groups were sensitive to agreement violations: they were slower and made more errors to categorize disagreeing determiner phrases (*the_[masc] banana_[fem]).     

Le paradigme de Jellison et Green : de la clairvoyance à la réactivité normative

This article questions congruence between the contents of the definition of the concept of normative perspicacity and Jellison and Green's paradigm to obtain its measurement. It centres the discussion on the capacity of the subjects to answer the changes of instructions and restores it in the study of complex mechanisms governing the relations of the individuals with the social standards.     

Systèmes de personnalité au niveau de l'individu : vers une évaluation de l'architecture sociocognitive de la personnalité

This paper addresses conceptual strategies in the assessment of intra-individual personality architecture, including the assessment of those social-cognitive structures and dynamics that contribute to personality coherence. The paper also relates social-cognitive analyses of intra-individual personality architecture to trait-theoretic analyses of inter-individual differences in the population. An overarching theme is that these alternative research traditions should be understood as approaches to different scientific problems. Unlike, for example, the lexical Big Five tradition of personality research, social-cognitive theories are concerned fundamentally with mental structures and dynamics that causally contribute to personality functioning and coherence, and with understanding how these cognitive and affective systems develop and function in interaction with the social environment. As has been explained by Lamiell (2003) and others, inter-individual analyses cannot substitute for the study of intra-individual personality dynamics and dispositions.     

Motivation autodéterminée, perceptions de conflit et d'instrumentalité et assiduité envers la pratique d'une activité physique : une étude prospective sur six mois

Exercising regularly represents a challenging public health issue. The purpose of this study was to extend prior research based on self-determination theory by considering perceptions of conflict-instrumentality with regard to physical activity. A 6-month prospective study was conducted among 62 adults. In January, their self-determined motivation toward exercise and work was assessed by questionnaire, as well as their perceptions associated to the role of exerciser. Their presence was then controlled until the end of the season. The analyses revealed a negative relationship between self-determined motivation and role conflicts, and between this variable and observed assiduity. Those results are discussed with regard to their practical implications for exercise adherence.     

« Dire une chose et en faire une autre » : de la déclaration de liberté dans le paradigme de l'hypocrisie induite

According to induced hypocrisy paradigm, participants were led to advocate a pro-attitudinal position (commitment step), such as to respect the driving rules. Subsequently they were made mindful of their own transgressions (mindfulness step). Afterwards, the target-behavior was administered: spending time in a safety road association. We manipulated the declaration of freedom either within the mindfulness step (study 1), either at the twice steps (study 2). Results indicated that declaration of freedom increased the hypocritical effect. Implications for further research in the area of hypocrisy are discussed.     

Crise de la psychologie et devenir de la psychologie clinique

The field of psychology is crossed by a whole of lines of ruptures which founds it in structural crisis. This crisis finds its stressing in a context in which cleavages grow hollow. Those us will retain of them some of which: 1) dissociation enters psychology like knowing, psychology like exercise and psychology like trade and profession; 2) dissociations enter psychologies cognitive and clinical, between the psychology clinic and the psychoanalysis, between the ideal models and the clinical practices; 3) dissociations between the nomination and the title, the statute and the responsibilities, professional autonomy and the hierarchical tender; 4) dissociations between professional way and university formation, clinical formation and clinical responsibilities; 5) dissociations between transmission of knowing and transmission of a professional identity, between the profile of the recruited teachers and the needs for a professionnal formation. Compared to this context various proposals are projections relating to the constitution of a body of teachers experts, with the installation of a “clinicat” leading to a doctorate of exercise, with the installation of a unit organization, with the precedence of the professionals in the delivery of the right of occupational exercise.     

Les effets de l'intégration spatiale de fenêtres ponctuelles sur la compréhension de documents illustrés

The format in which the information in an electronic document is presented has a non-negligible impact on the memorization and understanding of documents. Thus, the spatial integration of the elements in a text within an illustration makes it possible to improve performances compared to a conventional format (in which the text and the illustration are separate). In this study, the effects of integration on understanding are evaluated by using pop-up windows integrated in the illustration or located at its edge. This comparison makes it possible to test the hypothesis that the effect of integration is due to the fact that it is easier to establish a reference between the text and the elements corresponding to the illustration during learning. The results reveal an improvement in performance only on a task involving text-illustration co-referencing and for the period when the document was being viewed.     

Incertitudes au cours de la carrière et construction des perspectives temporelles

The increasing uncertainty context, in which individuals' professional paths are taking form today, is the occasion to a critical renewal of career course analysis models. In the first part of the article, we argue with the model propounded by Power and Rothausen (2003), which aims to analyse and support mid-career professional orientation behaviours, by extending the Super's career maintenance stage. We partly break free with them, defending the conception of an active socialisation, which analysis of orientation behaviours is based on the conjoined study of temporal perspectives and of exchanges between life domains. This point of view is supported by results from a research dealing with future temporal perspectives reconstruction processes of individuals confronted with the unemployment uncertainty. They show that individuals do not project in the future only by striving for yielding “employable”. Their projects do not only result from the rational control of the information related to the anticipated professional environment. Ascribed to peculiar paths, those projects summon up processes of values confrontation and comparisons with others, in the plurality of individuals' life fields.     

Inférences émotionnelles et compréhension de textes narratifs : lorsque la perspective du lecteur diverge de celle du protagoniste

This study deals with the emotional inferences readers generate during the reading of narrative texts. The objective was to show that the accessibility of the representation of the emotional state of the protagonist depends on the reader's and the protagonist's knowledge of the situation. In the texts we used, the reader and the protagonist either shared the same amount of knowledge of the situation, or the protagonist was described as being ignorant of relevant situational information. The main result indicated that, in the presence of a difference between the protagonist and the reader, regarding their situational knowledge, the accessibility of the representation of the protagonist's emotion slowed down. In other words, the protagonist's emotion was more accessible when it was coherent with the situational knowledge of both the reader and the protagonist.     

Modélisation pour un environnement multimédia de l'apprentissage individualisé de la lecture

The aim of our research project is to study what contribution the new technologies can bring to teaching and learning. So, we have chosen a pluridiciplinary approach, combining the exploration of computer potentialities with the integration of research studies about the learning application. The application is a tutor module of AMICAL project (Architecture Multi-agent Interactive Compagnon pour l'Apprentissage de la Lecture). The issue is to determine and to explain the knowledge at work in a teaching process. To begin with, we shall explain the different decision-making processes, which characterize the teaching act. In a second part, we shall describe the processes of knowledge determination and modelling.     

L'impact de la congruence objective des valeurs sur l'engagement normatif envers l'organisation

Numerous studies in organizational behaviour research have examined the congruence (i.e. fit, match, agreement and similarity) between two constructs as a predictor of some outcome. Edwards (1993, 1994) shows that, these studies operationalized congruence by collapsing two or more measures into a single index, such as an algebraic, absolute or squared difference and then, present numerous substantive and methodological problems that severely threaten the interpretability and conclusiveness of the obtained results. On the basis of the alternative approach proposed by Edwards (1993, 1994), we devoted ourselves to examine the effect of the objective congruence between the organisational valorisation of the mutual assistance in the work and the individual need for interpersonal solidarity on the organizational normative commitment. The main effects of the individual preferences or the mode of organization were not taken into account in the analysis. We thus used the procedure of polynomial regression proposed by Edwards (1993, 1994) to make sure that congruence, rather than the components which are subjacent to it, does have a specific effect on the dependent variables. We actually found out that, notably for Gabonese employees, the objective congruence between the perception of the organizational valorisation of the mutual assistance and the individual need for interpersonal solidarity has the effect on the normative commitment towards the organization (Mso: β = –0, 65, P < 0,001 and Msp: β = 0,77, P < 0,001; R² = 0,56), The level of organizational commitment increases with congruence between the personal and organizational values, then decreases with the shift.