Science Shapes the Beautiful: Shaping Moment-to-Moment Aesthetic Behavior

The Psychological Record - Mechner’s advocacy of interrelating beauty, music, and behavior reunites themes from the earliest stages of the development of behavior analysis. This reunification...     

J. Wentzel van Huyssteen,The Shaping of Rationality: Toward Inderdisciplinarity in Theology and Science

International Journal for Philosophy of Religion -     

The Ethics of NIMBY Conflicts

NIMBY (Not In My Backyard) refers to an oppositional attitude from local residents against some risk generating facility that they have been chosen to host either by government or industry. The attitude is claimed to be characteristic of someone who is positive to a facility but who wants someone else to be its host. Since siting cannot be provided if everyone has this attitude, society ends up in a worse situation. The attitude is claimed to be egoistic and irrational. Here it is argued that the NIMBY critique rests on questionable assumptions about the rightness of weighing total benefit against total cost. This weighing-principle will sometimes have to yield so that the rights of individuals can be acknowledged.

Shaping the Field of Theology and Science: A Critique of Nancey Murphy

Nancey Murphy is a key second-generation figure in the field of religion and science. Through a variety of responsibilities, some of which are reviewed here, she has worked as a discipline builder over the last fifteen years. After trying to convey the general spirit of Murphy's work, the author focuses on five areas where readers might resist her conclusions, including her "postmodern" theory of scientific (and religious) knowledge and truth, her treatment of theology and science as "separate but equal," and her defense of physicalism.     

Normative Conflicts and The Logic of 'Ought'

On the face of it, normative conflicts are commonplace. Yet standard deontic logic declares them to be logically impossible. That prompts the question, What are the proper principles of normative reasoning if such conflicts are possible? This paper examines several alternatives that have been proposed for a logic of ‘ought’ that can accommodate normative conflicts, and finds all of them unsatisfactory as measured against three criteria of adequacy. It then introduces a new logic that does meet all three criteria, and so allows for the possibility of genuine normative conflicts.     

The Relation between Individual and Group Conflicts in Psychotherapy

Abstract

I describe three constellations of group life and group process: resistance, rebellion, and refusal. In resistance, an individual or group remains antagonistic to conscious but not unconscious thinking, the latter manifested in derivatives, including symbol and symptom formation, transference–countertransference, and enactment. Rebellion functions on the level of conscious thinking, manifested in challenge, defiance, and the possibility of sociopolitical action. The basic premises and values of the group and/or leader are at the center of the controversy, to be addressed on that level. Refusal establishes a mental boundary between what is considered appropriate and inappropriate. Unconsciousaswellasconscious processes of feeling, thinking, and meaning making are refused entry, left undeveloped, rejected, or obstructed. Working with refusal requires appreciating how and why the mind and its thinking operations are being suspended. The theoretical framework is applied to a case example.     

斯里兰卡民族冲突的根源

斯里兰卡独立后,僧伽罗、泰米尔两大民族之间冲突不断发生.两大民族的冲突起源于英国殖民统治时期,佛教革命和一元制体制的建立是其宗教及文化根源,政府政策方针的变化则是其政治原因.     

Shaping feelings in cyberspace: The case of Chinese seafarer-partners

Research has shown that expressing feelings online is subject to feeling rules much like those that govern offline environments. ‘Expressing feelings’, however, is different from ‘feeling feelings’. Does emotional interaction online change how individuals feel and, if so, in what ways? This paper addresses the question by examining a group of Chinese seafarer-partners' activities in an online group. Drawing upon emotion management theory, this paper shows that seafarer-partners in the group helped each other to reframe negative experiences in positive ways in order to suppress unpleasant feelings. It also reveals a corollary process of online emotion-shaping, namely, boosting positive feelings, by drawing upon the concept of collective effervescence. Both processes served to make seafarer-partners feel positive about their relationships. This paper thus extends previous research findings by demonstrating that online support also serves to shape how individuals feel and does so through two processes.     

The Role of Culture Strength in Shaping Sales Force Outcomes

Although a strong culture has been widely acknowledged as a defining characteristic of successful firms, past research has failed to examine the influence it exerts on the attitudes and behavior of salespeople. In a two-sample study, we measure culture strength and explore its relationship to value congruity and to three sales force outcomes that define the sales management research tradition: role stress, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction. Within the contexts of the sales subculture of a Fortune 500 firm (Study 1) and specialized sales organizations (Study 2), the results reveal a compelling portrait of the forces that shape salesperson–culture fit. Specifically, the results of both studies indicate that a strong culture leads to higher levels of value congruity, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment, and lower levels of role stress. Key implications are highlighted for sales managers and for researchers.     

医患关系面临的课题:利益的冲突

我国当前医患间存在利益冲突的现实,并呈现出种种特点。医患间相互戒备的加深和防御性医疗的出现,不利于融洽和互动医患关系的形成,医院在引入市场某些机制和扩展自身财力时,应尽力维护中低收入者的医疗保健权利,损害病人的利益,同时坚持医学伦理学的四项原则,建立相互间的诚信,充分运用社会调节和医疗诉讼的杠杆,实行医务公开,有望调节和平衡这种利益冲突,使医患双方的利益得到合理的归缩。     

Roderick Chisholm and The Shaping of American Epistemology

Abstract: Roderick Chisholm had a profound effect on the shape of American epistemology. In this article, I not only give an account of the large‐scale structure of Chisholm's views but also say something about the place of Chisholmian themes in contemporary work. I thus present an understanding and an appreciation of Chisholm's contribution to epistemology by exhibiting a number of alternative developments of Chisholmian ideas that are currently under discussion.     

工程中的利益冲突与道德选择

本文从工程活动复杂的利益关系出发 ,提出对工程活动进行道德审视的五个基本因素 ,希望工程技术人员和管理决策人员在各种利益冲突中作出正确的选择。     

临床代理决策中的利益冲突及其消解

对于限制/无行为能力患者的医疗决策采取代理决策模式,该模式奠基于社会习俗与习惯法。通常情况下,亲属能够更加准确地评判患者的个人价值取向和医疗决定偏好。但是,基于利益判断的主观性,代理决策中的道德冲突难以避免,其合理性辩护基于代理身份的合法性、“善意”与“患者利益”的标签、制度缺失,对于其批评在于代理者德性基础上的一致性不足。按照解决问题的逻辑进程,规避代理决策中利益冲突的方式有寻求共识的可能、临床伦理咨询与司法介入,其中伦理咨询与司法介入需要依托国家制度设计。     

器官移植手术中的医患利益冲突

我国的器官移植手术得到超常发展的重要原因是走了捷径,海归医学人士为我国器官移植手术的开展做出了贡献。但器官移植发展“喜忧参半”。手术背后有医患之间的利益冲突。科学利益和经济利益至上给器官移植的健康发展蒙上阴影。必须加强器官移植的法规建设和管理监督,使我国的器官移植更符合伦理的要求。     

The Shaping of Family Therapy Education: An Update

The preparation and credentialing of marital and family therapists in the United States and Canada continues to be significantly affected by the role of accreditation in MFT graduate education. This report on a study of Commission on Accreditation for Marriage and Family Therapy Education accredited degree programs and non-accredited programs shows some significant differences between the two paths to preparation and credentialing. Accredited programs tend to have more faculty, lower faculty-student ratios, more Approved Supervisors, more financial aid, more programs requiring practica and internships, and more emphasis on professional identification with marital and family therapy. Nonaccredited programs provide more emphasis on psychopathology, psychodiagnostic testing, and cognitive behavioral therapy.     

高新生命技术的伦理问题

高技术的推广应用引起人们对人体客体化的忧虑,以及对维护人的价值和尊严的关注。高新生命技术的伦理问题的特点是它对社会或人类的影响深远,以及在利用高新技术干预人体过程中涉及未知的、不确定的因素太多。因此必须开发新的战略调控这些高新技术的发展和应用。本文集中讨论异种移植和基因治疗中的伦理问题,认为对这些高新生命技术应该采取“有罪推定”的政策,在提供证据证明它不会给人类带来严重危害前,应该暂停在人体上试验