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The hypercorrection effect is the finding that high-confidence errors are more likely to be corrected after feedback than
are low-confidence errors (Butterfield & Metcalfe, 2001). In two experiments, we explored the idea that the hypercorrection
effect results from increased attention to surprising feedback. In Experiment 1, participants were more likely to remember
the appearance of the presented feedback when the feedback did not match expectations. In Experiment 2, we replicated this
effect using more distinctive sources and also demonstrated the hypercorrection effect in this modified paradigm. Overall,
participants better remembered both the surface features and the content of surprising feedback. 相似文献
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Richard L. Lippke 《Journal of applied philosophy》2014,31(1):49-62
Negative retributivism is the view that though the primary justifying aim of legal punishment is the reduction of crime, the state's efforts to do so are subject to side‐constraints that forbid punishment of the innocent and disproportionate punishment of the guilty. I contend that insufficient attention has been paid to what the side‐constraints commit us to in constructing a theory of legal punishment, even one primarily oriented toward reducing crime. Specifically, I argue that the side‐constraints limit the kinds of actions that are appropriately criminalised, the kinds of beings who are appropriately liable to legal punishment, and the absolute and comparative severity of sanctions. I also argue that a third retributive constraint is needed, one which I term a ‘non‐degradation constraint’. According to this third constraint, in our efforts to reduce crime, we must avoid treating offenders as non‐moral beings and ensure that punishment does not atrophy or erode the complex capacity for moral responsibility. When this third constraint is combined with the persuasive instrumental case for promoting the moral responsiveness of offenders, the result is an approach to crime reduction that is quite different from ones which emphasise general deterrence and incapacitation. In the closing section, I broach the question whether negative retributivism has been appropriately characterised in the literature on legal punishment. 相似文献
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A substantial amount of evidence indicates that surprising events capture attention. The present study was primarily intended to investigate whether expectancy discrepant depth information also is able to capture attention immediately and—more specifically—whether cues that are relatively closer or farther differentially modulate behavior. For this purpose, participants had to identify one of two target letters in a search display. Stimulus positions were initially cued by uninformative placeholders. After half of the trials, the cue at the target position was suddenly and unexpectedly (critical trial) displayed closer to or farther from the observer. In line with previous research, both depth cues captured attention on their very first appearance. Performance in the critical trial was superior to the error rates in the trials without depth cue and was even above the performance in subsequent trials that included depth cue. This effect was only observed when the cue preceded the target by 400 ms. Using a shorter cue-stimulus interval of 100 ms, only a delayed improvement was observed, which denotes a typical feature of surprise capture. Moreover, response times were faster in trials comprising a depth cue, and this was already true for the critical trial. Apart from that, no other marked differences between near and far depth cues were observed. Therefore, the present results emphasize that surprising depth information indeed captures attention. However, in contrast to other perceptual tasks, search performance was not considerably influenced by relative position in depth. 相似文献
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At one level, the scientific enterprise engaged in by Guy Van Orden was about how to analyze reaction time data. At another level it was an attempt to understand the kind of system that one is dealing with in a reaction time (RT) experiment—the system that accords with the instructions that the experimenter gives, produces the responses to the particular class of stimuli that the experimenter presents, at latencies that the experimenter measures and analyzes. That there can be any question about the essential nature of the system under study is perhaps surprising given the long and influential history of RT research and the relative simplicity and transparency of the RT task. In this brief note we hope to show that the question is deserved and that on close inspection the nature of the RT task is, indeed, surprising. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT: This paper analyses the recorded number of U.S. daily suicides, 1972–1976. The paper shows that: there is a dip in suicides on and just before major public holidays; there is a peak in suicides just after these holidays; and, the dip in suicides is somewhat larger than the peak—hence, there is a net decrease in suicides around the holidays. On balance, the holidays appear to reduce the number of suicides, not increase them, as was previously believed. In addition, previous research has focussed on the negative psychological impact of holidays. Our findings indicate that holidays have a positive component, which should be taken into account in future research. 相似文献
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本文主要介绍基于对国内 41家企业、1 467位主管级经理人员的心理素质测评研究 ,以探求企业经营者的个性特点 ,旨在建构一套适合企业管理活动背景的企业经营者心理素质评量工具。为达研究目的 ,收集参考了国内外现有的个性量表 ,结合对企业经营者活动特点的分析 ,编制测试工具 ,并对其信度和效度进行了严格规范的检验 ,制定出企业经营者心理素质问卷调查男性常模 ,为企业经营者心理素质和相关能力的评量提供了重要的辅助工具。 相似文献
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Drawing upon illustrations of research in psychology and religion, this essay sketches a historical account of twentieth century scholarship in terms of three phases. In the early modern phase research was problem-centered: scholars customarily drew upon expertise in cognate areas of inquiry in solving a problem. In the modern phase research is specialization-based: scholars develop competence in the perspectives, concepts, and methods peculiar to their subfield. In the late modern phase research is interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary: scholars achieve proficiency in cognate subfields and acquire fluency in coordinating the assumptions, concepts, and methods of those subfields. This historical account provides the context and warrant for formulating an enterprise expressing the spirit of the late modern phase: critical psychologies of religious matters. 相似文献
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研究表明应付方式问卷中的幻想与工作压力问卷中的工作兴趣有显著的相关,而与合理化有非常显著的相关。外显性焦虑量表与应付方式量表中的解决问题、自责、求助、幻想和退避因子有非常显著的相关,与合理化有显著的相关;而与上工作压力量表上的三个维度只有弱相关。 相似文献
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Howard Stein 《Synthese》2004,140(1-2):135-176
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Bill Law 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》1990,18(2):201-208
A notion as pervasive and much-used as 'enterprise' will, inevitably, have done harm as well as good. The core concepts in the notion are explored, and examples are examined of how they have been put to teachers and counsellors in careers education and guidance work. While the libertarian text of education for enterprise may be unacceptable to many, the struggle to deal with it has forced a realisation of its more valuable subtext. This illustrates how 'education for enterprise', or any other change, cannot be implemented without paying attention to the organisation and management of change as well as to its intended outcomes, and how this process may have its own sometimes more beneficial effects. 相似文献
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