创业者领导行为与企业绩效：创业企业发展阶段的调节效应

本文旨在探讨创业者领导行为对企业绩效的影响,着重考察了创业企业发展阶段的调节效应。通过对117家创业企业的问卷调查,结果发现：（1）创业企业发展阶段显著调节创业者转换型领导对财务、成长绩效的影响和创业者交易型领导对财务、成长和创新绩效的影响;（2）环境动态性正向调节创业者转换型领导对财务、成长和创新绩效的影响,负向调节创业者交易型领导对财务、成长绩效的影响;（3）环境动态性在创业者转换型领导影响财务、成长绩效,以及创业者交易型领导影v向财务绩效过程中的调节效应模式受到创业企业发展阶段的显著调节。     

有关记忆的最新发现

也许这样的情形会在下午3点左右出现：你突然忘了一个常用单词的拼法,可待你要去查找词典时,却怎么也想不起将眼镜搁在何处。更糟的是,你竟然忘了下午还有一场与朋友的约会．人们的记忆为什么有时会这样背叛自己？对年长者来说它会是“老年痴呆症”的前兆吗？有什么方法可使记忆复现而历久不忘？首先需澄清的是,短暂的记忆丧失并不一定是“老年痴呆症”的信号,65－75岁之间的人大约只有4％一10％的人患这种病。事实上随着我们年岁增长,几乎每个人都会为遗忘所扰,过了35岁记忆力就开始走下坡路,不过,它的衰退是相当缓慢的,直到50岁…     

中国创业者的创业决策逻辑研究

本研究以Sarasvathy提出的效果决策逻辑理论为理论基础,对中国创业者的创业决策逻辑特点进行研究。研究共访谈28名成功创业者,并借助扎根理论对访谈资料进行分析。结果表明中国创业者的创业决策效果逻辑是一个5维结构,包含资源导向、变通性、利用偶然因素、战略联盟、可承受损失。成功的创业者和新兴领域的初创业者都更倾向于效果逻辑;在相对确定的创业领域,初创业者更倾向于因果逻辑。本研究启示是创业教育应该注重培养潜在创业者的效果逻辑思维。     

失败恐惧的形成及对创业行为的影响

创业活动的高风险性和不确定性导致创业者时常体验失败恐惧。对于创业者而言, 失败恐惧亦敌亦友。已有研究较多关注失败恐惧对创业行为的抑制作用, 忽略了失败恐惧的形成及其对创业行为的激励作用。本研究基于情绪和认知属性分析创业情境下失败恐惧, 认为损失相关和暴露能力不足的创业事件可能诱发失败恐惧, 创业者的执念激情和预防定向能够诱发失败恐惧; 然后, 阐述失败恐惧对创业行为的3种不同影响：激励、抑制和压抑, 并考察创业环境特征对失败恐惧与创业行为的调节效用。本研究拓展了失败恐惧的应用范围和适用情境, 丰富心理学的情绪认知评价理论、情感事件理论和经典压力理论, 也为理解复杂多样的创业行为提供新视角, 深化创业心理与创业行为关系的理论认知。     

元记忆监测对记忆策略有效性的影响

90年代初关于记忆策略的研究基本上肯定了知识．尤其是特定领域的知识对某些记忆策略的使用有效性产生影响。但对于元认知知识究竟是否有利于提高学生记忆策略使用的有效性．则没有一致意见。有实验研究表明,元认知知识多有利于提高策略使用的有效性。但有的研究者认为．在不区分元认知知识和元认知监测的条件下,这样的结果可能影响实验的可信度。     

魔鬼辞海

76．心境 一人问老Q：你们村最苦的人是谁？ 老Q：张傻子。 问：最开心的呢？ 老Q：还是张傻子。 问：为什么？ 老Q：人们都觉得他可怜，可成天笑眯眯的只有他一个人。[第一段]     

创业者差错取向的绩效作用及其跨文化比较

创业企业是创业者的延伸,但创业者对创业企业的影响究竟是怎样的,当前的研究进展还不能很好的解释这点。研究采用跨文化比较的方法,首先分析中国和德国的创业者差错取向对创业企业差错气氛的影响模式,然后检验中国样本和德国样本的跨文化测量等同性,之后对比并综合分析两组样本模型的异同。研究发现在中国样本模型中,创业企业差错气氛在创业者差错取向的绩效影响中不起中介作用,而在德国样本模型中正相反。此外,研究还发现创业者个性特质对企业组织气氛存在一种“投影”影响     

元记忆监控研究的新进展

元记忆监控是元记忆的重要方面,反映了人对自己记忆状态的意识和对自己记忆程度的判断和估计。本文从三个方面概括总结了该领域内研究的新进展：(1)元记忆监控的有关概念及其交互作用假设;(2)元记忆监控交互作用的理论模型;(3)元记忆监控的发展性研究。     

成年人日常生活记忆的研究

采用三项记忆作业,对１２０例２０—８５岁的被试进行日常记忆和实验室记忆的比较研究,目的为探讨日常记忆的年龄差异及其年老化特点。结果表明：（１）三项记忆成绩均随增龄而减退,其中年老老年组减退明显;（２）作业难度比较：经方差分析结果表明,它对记忆成绩有显著作用,作业难度自评与方差分析相符,“地名”最易,“人姓”居中,“无意义图形再认”最难,因为“地名”为日常生活记忆,难度小于后者（为实验室记忆）。老年人日常生活记忆减退缓慢,他们可利用知识经验补偿记忆减退,使之保持较好。     

创业失败与再创业意向的作用机制

近年来, 我国政府对创业支持力度不断加强, 创业活动日益活跃, 但失败率却居高不下。如何让创业者在遭遇失败后仍能保持再创业的意向是当前亟待解决的现实问题。拟综合采取横向问卷调查、纵向时间对比以及情景模拟实验的方法, 一方面探讨成就目标导向和社会比较在创业失败和创业失败学习之间的有中介的调节作用; 另一方面分析创业失败学习、创业自我效能感在创业失败和再创业意向之间的链式多重中介作用机制, 寻求由创业失败到再创业意向的不同路径, 这种探讨具有理论创新价值。依据实证研究的结论在实践中指导创业者通过上行比较, 锁定学习目标, 激发再创业意向; 通过提高自我怜悯水平, 使创业者摆脱消极情绪的困扰, 激发掌握性学习动机, 确立再创业的意向, 对于创业者具有重要指导意义。社会比较和自我怜悯的干预研究具有鲜明的中国文化特色。     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.