形象度对图标内隐记忆和外显记忆的影响

记忆心理学领域大量研究证实了内隐记忆和外显记忆的ERP分离,且内隐记忆相比外显记忆在记忆容量、保持时间及稳定性上均有优势。实验记录了15名被试在内隐记忆任务与外显记忆任务中形象图标和抽象图标的行为及ERP数据。结果表明:内隐记忆中,形象图标的行为和300～500ms顶区差异波的启动量均显著高于抽象图标。外显记忆中,形象图标的外显记忆正确率显著高于抽象图标,而反应时无显著差异; 300～500ms额区的差异波,形象图标显著负向于抽象图标,而500～800ms顶区的晚成分差异波两者无显著差异。研究结果表明,形象图标在浅加工下进行无意识记忆具有明显的优势。形象图标与抽象图标在图形化界面语言的使用中一直存在争论,通过实验在行为指标与脑电生理指标上提供了量化证据。     

识别电位认知功能探析

识别电位(Recognition Potential, RP)是被试看到可识别视觉刺激时, 在200~250ms内达到峰值的脑电反应。识别电位的研究正处于理论探讨阶段, 有两种主要观点用于解释RP。一种观点强调RP反映了视知觉分析成分; 另一种观点强调RP反映了语义或概念加工成分。两种观点至今未达成一致。最近, 针对两种观点质疑, 研究者们提出了类别特征加工的观点, 这一新观点在理论上符合大脑经济性的原则, 具有一定的优越性, 但尚需要更多的实证研究的支持。未来的RP研究应从实验材料的多样化、多研究方法结合、类别特征加工能力的习得机制等方面展开。     

加工越流畅越美？——抽象艺术作品审美加工探秘

研究探讨审美加工的心理机制。基于愉悦流畅模型假设作品的内容易得度、清晰度、美丽度会通过影响加工流畅性进而影响审美偏好。研究包括两个实验,实验1以分类任务为实验程序记录被试对内容易得度、清晰度、美丽度不同的绘画的识别反应时,实验2请被试对实验一呈现过的绘画进行偏好评价。研究结果证明抽象审美加工与知觉识别同时进行。内容易得度、清晰度和美丽度显著影响作品的加工流畅性。加工流畅性和偏好评价显著正相关.     

SOA对Stroop启动效应的影响:行为和ERP研究

在Stroop启动范式中,启动刺激是灰色的色词,目标刺激是颜色块,被试的任务是命名颜色块的颜色。本研究通过行为实验和事件相关电位(ERP)实验的方法,研究SOA(Stimulus Onset Asynchrony)对Stroop启动效应的影响。当SOA为107ms时,在行为数据(反应时)和ERP数据(N300成分)上均表现出明显的启动效应;当SOA为1040ms时,行为上和ERP上的启动效应消失。该结果提示了在Stroop启动效应中,启动刺激对目标刺激的影响很可能是发生在对目标刺激的知觉加工晚期。     

反应与刺激冲突的脑机制差异:来自ERP研究的证据

采用事件相关电位技术(ERP),用侧抑制任务探讨了刺激和反应冲突的脑内时程动态变化。行为数据表明,冲突条件的反应时显著长于无冲突条件,表现出明显的干扰效应;脑电数据表明,在300-450ms内,反应冲突比无冲突诱发了一个更负的ERP成分(N300-450),主要分布于额顶部,偶极子溯源分析发现,这一负成分可能主要源于ACC;而刺激冲突与无冲突相比在350-450ms内,也诱发了一个更负的ERP成分(N350-450),该负成分可能主要源于丘脑附近。这一结果表明,刺激与反应冲突所涉及的大脑机制可能并不相同。     

海洛因戒治者执行控制功能异常的电生理证据

执行控制障碍是成瘾的核心特征之一,对成瘾者的复发与康复治疗有重要影响。采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术分析海洛因戒治者和健康成年人在经典色-词Stroop任务中执行控制的大脑皮层时程动态变化。行为结果发现,两组被试的反应时均有显著的Stroop干扰效应,但无显著组间差异。ERP结果显示,戒治组不一致条件的平均波幅显著小于对照组;戒治组Stroop任务相关的N2效应和SP消失及N450效应衰减。研究结果表明,海洛因戒治者可能存在早期冲突监控加工障碍和晚期反应冲突解决加工异常。     

单字词的学习年龄对小学生汉字识别的影响(Ⅱ)

以小学一、三、五年级的学生为被试 ,采用汉字命名任务 ,选取分别在小学语文课本中一、三、五年级出现的三组字 (分别记为A、B、C三组字 )为材料 ,考察了单字词的学习年龄 (LA)对小学生汉字识别时间的影响。结果表明 :无论年级间比较还是年级内比较 ,单字词的学习年龄 (LA)对小学生的汉字命名反应时和正确率都有显著影响。     

认知事件相关电位P_(300)与儿童的智力水平和年龄特征

诱发电位 (EP) ,亦称事件相关电位 (ERP) ,是神经系统活动功能的电生理指标。认知事件相关电位 P3 0 0 作为反映个体大脑认知功能的神经电生理的重要指标已经被许多有关研究所采纳。本研究从神经电生理的角度 ,一方面对认知事件相关电位 P3 0 0 与儿童的智力水平的关系进行测查 ,一方面对认知事件相关电位 P3 0 0 的年龄特点进行研究 ,以期了解和说明儿童认知发展的神经电生理基础及其年龄特征。实验表明 :儿童智力水平与 P3 0 0 各成分潜伏期呈负相关 ,与反映认知功能的主要指标 P3 的负相关达到非常显著水平 (P <0 .0 0 1 ) ,与 P3 0 0 各成分的振幅基本呈正相关 ,儿童不同智力水平之间 ,其反应认知功能的主要指标 P3 的潜伏期差异非常显著。儿童青少年 P3 0 0 的各潜伏期的发展总趋势随年龄增长而下降。其中 ,P3 的潜伏期随年龄增长而下降的趋势更为明显。P3 的振幅则随年龄增长而增大。六个年龄组间 P3 0 0 各成分差异均达到非常显著水平 (P <0 .0 0 1 )。     

手持移动用户界面显示效果的工效学研究

手持移动界面功效是小屏幕显示界面设计关注的主要问题之一,本研究采用实验和问卷调查相结合的方法,探讨手机界面的前景和背景颜色搭配、界面呈现方式(图标或文字)等对手持界面操作效率的影响。研究结果表明,前景和背景颜色搭配对手持界面操作效率有显著影响,界面呈现方式对操作效率有一定影响,但没有达到显著水平,问卷调查结果与实验结果存在一致性。     

2008年奥运会体育图标

奥运会体育图标是奥运会基础形象元素之一，广泛应用于奥运会道路指示系统，场馆内外的标示和装饰。赛时运动员和观众参赛和观赛指南等。同时还将应用于奥运会电视转播、广告宣传、市场开发等领域，丰富人们的奥运会体验。奥运会体育图标是构成一届奥运会景观的重要基础形象元素。它不仅具有很强的功能性、也是传达奥运会举办理念和主办国文化的重要载体。     

时间压力下图标语义距离对雷达界面信息工作记忆的影响

本研究分别在无时间压力和有时间压力的条件下,通过两个实验探究了图标语义距离?目标数量以及目标类型对雷达界面信息工作记忆的影响?结果发现无时间压力下图标语义距离在工作记忆的编码提取上没有差异,而有时间压力下,强语义图标相较于弱语义图标在工作记忆的提取上具有优势;且无论是在无时间压力下还是有时间压力下,工作记忆容量最佳为3个目标项;对敌机的提取时长于友机长于不明飞行物?结果表明仅在有时间压力下强语义图标在信息提取上具有优势,验证了工作记忆容量的限制,为雷达界面的设计提供了参考意见?     

Assessing the concreteness of relational representation

Research has shown that people's ability to transfer abstract relational knowledge across situations can be heavily influenced by the concrete objects that fill relational roles. This article provides evidence that the concreteness of the relations themselves also affects performance. In 3 experiments, participants viewed simple relational patterns of visual objects and then identified these same patterns under a variety of physical transformations. Results show that people have difficulty generalizing to novel concrete forms of abstract relations, even when objects are unchanged. This suggests that stimuli are initially represented as concrete relations by default. In the 2nd and 3rd experiments, the number of distinct concrete relations in the training set was increased to promote more abstract representation. Transfer improved for novel concrete relations but not for other transformations such as object substitution. Results indicate that instead of automatically learning abstract relations, people's relational representations preserve all properties that appear consistently in the learning environment, including concrete objects and concrete relations.     

Exploring the effects of icon characteristics on user performance: the role of icon concreteness, complexity, and distinctiveness

Because icons, signs, and symbols are now widely used to communicate information, it is essential for system designers to know what makes them easy to use and interpret. The authors report a series of studies that examine characteristics considered central to icon usability. After quantifying the properties of icon concreteness, complexity, and discriminability, the authors assessed each property's effects on user performance when user experience, task demands, and presentation context were systematically varied. Findings indicated that the effects of icon concreteness were primarily associated with the initial grasp of meaning, whereas complexity effects were found to persist longer and to be associated with search efficacy. The effects of icon distinctiveness were complex, but distinctiveness was enhanced by using both semantic and visual contrasts. The implications of these findings for interface design are discussed.     

Retrieval of concrete words involves more contextual information than abstract words: multiple components for the concreteness effect

The current study used the directed forgetting paradigm in implicit and explicit memory to investigate the concreteness effect. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded to explore the neural basis of this phenomenon. The behavioral results showed a clear concreteness effect in both implicit and explicit memory tests; participants responded significantly faster to concrete words than to abstract words. The ERP results revealed a concreteness effect (N400) in both the encoding and retrieval phases. In addition, behavioral and ERP results showed an interaction between word concreteness and memory instruction (to-be-forgotten vs. to-be-remembered) in the late epoch of the explicit retrieval phase, revealing a significant concreteness effect only under the to-be-remembered instruction condition. This concreteness effect was realized as an increased P600-like component in response to concrete words relative to abstract words, likely reflecting retrieval of contextual details. The time course of the concreteness effect suggests advantages of concrete words over abstract words due to greater contextual information.     

Contrasting graded effects of semantic similarity and association across the concreteness spectrum

Evidence from healthy individuals and neuropsychological patients with deep dyslexia or semantic refractory access dysphasia suggests that abstract and concrete concepts have different dependencies upon associative and similarity-based representational frameworks. However, the importance of information about semantic similarity for concepts that lie across the full concreteness spectrum has not been investigated. Here we report the performance of healthy individuals on an odd-one-out task involving semantically related word triplets that showed continuous variation for the key variables of concreteness, similarity strength, and association strength. In addition, data from a stroke aphasic patient tested on a matching-to-sample task based on the same abstract, middle-concreteness, and concrete stimuli are also presented. The effects of similarity and association strength upon performance were both shown to interact significantly with concreteness, but in opposite directions. The effect of semantic similarity increased with concreteness but the effect of association decreased with concreteness. This research provides further evidence for the proposal that abstract and concrete words have different dependencies upon associative and similarity-based information. It also develops the proposal by providing data that are consistent with a graded and not binary or ungraded model of the relationship between concreteness and these two forms of semantic relationship.     

Contrasting graded effects of semantic similarity and association across the concreteness spectrum

Evidence from healthy individuals and neuropsychological patients with deep dyslexia or semantic refractory access dysphasia suggests that abstract and concrete concepts have different dependencies upon associative and similarity-based representational frameworks. However, the importance of information about semantic similarity for concepts that lie across the full concreteness spectrum has not been investigated. Here we report the performance of healthy individuals on an odd-one-out task involving semantically related word triplets that showed continuous variation for the key variables of concreteness, similarity strength, and association strength. In addition, data from a stroke aphasic patient tested on a matching-to-sample task based on the same abstract, middle-concreteness, and concrete stimuli are also presented. The effects of similarity and association strength upon performance were both shown to interact significantly with concreteness, but in opposite directions. The effect of semantic similarity increased with concreteness but the effect of association decreased with concreteness. This research provides further evidence for the proposal that abstract and concrete words have different dependencies upon associative and similarity-based information. It also develops the proposal by providing data that are consistent with a graded and not binary or ungraded model of the relationship between concreteness and these two forms of semantic relationship.     

What’s in a name? The role of graphics,functions, and their interrelationships in icon identification

Communication using icons is now commonplace. It is therefore important to understand the processes involved in icon comprehension and the stimulus cues that individuals utilize to facilitate identification. In this study, we examined predictors of icon identification as participants gained experience with icons over a series of learning trials. A dynamic pattern of findings emerged in which the primary predictors of identification changed as learning progressed. In early learning trials, semantic distance (the closeness of the relationship between icon and function) was the best predictor of performance, accounting for up to 55% of the variance observed, whereas familiarity with the function was more important in later trials. Other stimulus characteristics, such as our familiarity with the graphic in the icon and its concreteness, were also found to be important for icon design. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed, with particular emphasis on the parallels with picture naming. The icon identification norms from this study may be downloaded from brm.psychonomic-journals .org/content/supplemental.     

名词具体性效应的眼动研究

通两个实验考察名词的具体性效应.实验一采用词汇判断法,考察名词的具体性效应.采用2（具体性：具体、抽象）×2（词频：高频、低频）的两因素被试内实验设计.结果表明：低频词存在具体性效应.实验二应用眼动技术,以EyelinkⅡ眼动仪为工具,考察在句子阅读中的名词具体性效应.实验为单因素被试内设计,自变量为句子中目标词的具体性.结果表明：在句子语境条件下,低频词也存在具体性效应,而且这种效应表现在低频词的晚期加工阶段.     

News Concreteness and Visual-Verbal Association Do News Pictures Narrow the Recall Gap Between Concrete and Abstract News?

In three experiments with difficult stimuli, it was found that the addition of a representative picture to a news item improves recall of that item. Second, as predicted by dual-coding theory (DCT), concrete news items were recalled better than abstract news items (Experiments 2 and 3). Furthermore, concrete news items benefited more from the addition of a news picture than did abstract news items (Experiment 3). In Experiment 4, it was found that news concreteness was strongly correlated with various picture attributes, including visual-verbal overlap, which might in part explain the differential gain in recall from the addition of pictures to concrete and abstract news. The results are explained using Paivio's DCT.