工作场所精神性的研究概况

作场所精神性是指个体在工作背景下的一种超越性体验,它是通过工作过程提升工作的意义与目的、培养与他人之间的联系感来丰富个体的内心生活体验,从而提升个体的心灵层次,实现个体的成长与进步。从工作场所精神性的概念形成、研究方法和研究热点等三个方面,对工作场所精神性的研究现状进行了介绍和评述。工作场所精神性在未来研究中主要包括：提出明确统一的定义和结构,运用新的研究范式注重对精神性作用机制的探讨等,并指出了在中国文化背景下开展工作场所精神性研究可能的方向     

浅析中国传统艺术的精神性——儒道释美学思想比较

儒道释三家思想可谓殊途同归,他们最终的目标始终是"天人合一"。由此看出,中国传统美学、中国传统艺术都非常重视作为世界主体的人,因而使得它们更富于主体性和精神性。儒家由天道入人道,推崇人的伦理秩序和博爱之心,是个体人格向精神向宇宙本体的融合。道家由人道入天道,追求绝对自由。禅宗追求的是人的心性与佛性在精神层面上的升华和统一,追求与大自然的融合,追求真正体验生命冲动和生命情调的审美意境。这其间,自然与人,宇宙与个体,主体与个体都在"天人合一"中找到了归宿和位置。而这一点正决定了中国传统美学的特质,决定了中国传统艺术的精神性。     

社群、精神性传统和中国社会中的灾难(英文)

本文假定深切的处境观念和社群疗法是受害者"家庭"观念重建的最好途径。本文作者认真响应中国心理学会主席张侃的号召,重视中国的本土资源和精神遗产对于中国人在心理治疗中作用。本文沿袭了沃尔什将重建社群作为缓解创伤和灾难效果的四种方式:分享对创伤事件的认知,分享丧失和存活的经验,社群的重新组织和关系的重新建立。有人认为在灾难之后,精神性也可以在意义和社群的复原中扮演着积极的作用,前提是尊重信仰,鼓励信仰者使用自己的信仰语言,而不是把信仰当作工具来寻求心理健康。文中引用的例子包括俄罗斯乌克兰人中的门诺派教徒在社群/宗教重建中的努力,还有中国人对2008年5月12日汶川大地震中对灾难的回应方式。     

上下级工作场所精神性匹配与下级主动行为的关系

基于上下级匹配理论,本研究探讨了上下级工作场所精神性匹配与下级主动行为的关系。采用多项式回归与响应面分析技术,对收集的129对“领导者-员工”配对数据进行分析,结果表明：（1）在上下级工作场所精神性一致的情况下,上下级工作场所精神性一致程度与下级主动行为呈倒U型关系;（2）在上下级工作场所精神性不一致的情况下,当下级工作场所精神性高于上级时,下级会表现出更多的主动行为。     

自我:从生物性到精神性

本文一方面从“生物性”与“精神性”两个人性层次透视自我,将自我视为一个由“生物自我”与“精神自我”组成的、以“生物自我”为基础“精神自我”为目标的对立统一体;另一方面又从“内容”与“功能”两个意识维度解析自我,将自我看成既是一个意义的存在又是一架认识的“机器”。自我便是一个由上述两个层次与维度有机组成的心理系统,这里的“有机”的涵义主要体现在,不仅生物自我与精神自我是相辅相成的辩证结构,而且这两个层次又都各自表现为内容与功能相互联系的认识主体。     

宗教与心理健康关系的研究综述

近年来,国外学者对宗教与心理健康关系进行了大量的研究.宗教总体上与更健康的心理,更多的幸福感,更低的抑郁、焦虑水平以及更低的自杀率有关.生命意义感、健康行为和社会支持很可能是影响宗教与心理健康关系的中间因素.在分析这一领域研究存在的问题的基础上,对在国内开展相关研究进行展望.     

国外乐观研究述评

乐观是积极心理学研究中的核心概念之一。综观国外有关乐观的研究成果,认为乐观是一个与个体的未来定向密切相关的概念,是影响人的身心健康的重要因素。主要介绍了有关乐观的概念,包括乐观的期望-价值模型论,人格特质论和解释风格论;单因素、二因素、三因素和等级模型的心理结构;以及相应的测量方法。在中国文化背景下有关乐观的神经生物学基础的研究和乐观对人的身心健康的影响机制的研究是未来的研究趋向     

从中国社会和谐发展看基督宗教与儒家精神

本文从中国社会和谐发展来探究基督宗教与儒家精神的意义及作用,对之展开比较研究。基于"和谐"这一核心观念,文章一方面将对作为中国"和而不同"这一社会共在及相互交往之基础的儒家精神修养及其"仁爱"观念进行分析,另一方面则对基督宗教所追求的精神超越及其信仰传统中神人关系的"彩虹"之约所展示的"和谐"蕴涵加以阐述。本文认为,"和谐"观念作为中国基本社会交往的理论、及其所指导的历史实践,在一定程度上有着内在的宗教境界及情趣,因此,不应该将儒家精神与宗教精神截然区别开来;并进而指出,儒家"仁"、"礼"观念体系中均有"宗教性"的因素,其"仁爱"之说亦与基督宗教"上帝是爱"的观念有许多相似之处,因而二者可以比较、对话。本文为此阐述了儒家精神修养与基督宗教精神超越的不同,从界说新儒家的"心性之学"来解析其"内在超越"的追求及意义,由此说明了其"现实关照"与"终极关切"的不同意趣,并对"现实性"向"终极性"的升华、以及"圣爱"与"人爱"之互动、"超然"与"内在"之呼应在当代儒家精神复兴与革新中的作用和意义进行了论证。基于这些分析,本文指出,人类所追求的"和谐世界"的确需要"从心开始";而要真正实现"世界和谐",则也应朝向人性修养所想达到的"超越自我"之升华境界。     

国外跨国移民宗教研究进展

跨国移民的宗教社会因成为文化全球化的重要表征而倍受关注。研究者们多运用文化适应理论和后殖民主义理论对这一主题进行研究。尽管跨国移民宗教的国际研究已经日益成熟,但是仍然面临着从研究到研究的挑战。以移民个人生活史为方法的研究,以类型移民和特定人口特征移民为对象的研究,以及对移民非制度性宗教的研究都将成为该领域新的研究方向。     

Spiritual Assessment in African-Americans: A Review of Measures of Spirituality Used in Health Research

Background A number of instruments have been developed for investigating relationships between spirituality and health, and have been used to assess spirituality in African-Americans. Yet, the cultural appropriateness for African-Americans of these instruments has not been investigated to date. Objectives To evaluate the construct validity and reliability of spirituality measures used in health research from 1982 to 2005. Method Systematic review of the literature. Results Thirty five studies and five measures of spirituality met the inclusion criteria. Most of the spirituality measures were developed in primarily Caucasian-American samples. African-Americans were represented in 71% of the studies (n = 25) using spirituality measures in health research. Distinct cultural attributes of African-American spirituality were omitted in most of the spirituality measures. Two studies were retrieved in which psychometric evaluation was conducted in entirely African-American samples. Discussion Spirituality is a significant cultural experience and belief that influences the health behaviors of African-Americans. The lack of a culturally appropriate measure of African-American spirituality is a major limitation of studies investigating spirituality and health in this population. Development of a culturally appropriate and sensitive measure of spirituality in African-Americans is suggested to strengthen the quality of research in this area.     

Re-conceptualizing the Factor Structure of the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality

Rationale This study attempted to differentiate statistically the spiritual and religious factors of the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality (BMMRS), which was developed based on theoretical conceptualizations that have yet to be adequately empirically validated in a population with significant health disorders. Participants One hundred sixty-four individuals with heterogeneous medical conditions [i.e., brain injury, spinal cord injury (SCI), cancer, stroke, primary care conditions]. Methods Participants completed the BMMRS as part of a pilot study on spirituality, religion, and physical and mental health. Results A principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation and Kaiser normalization identified a six-factor solution (opposed to the expected 8-factor solution) accounting for 60% of the variance in scores, labeled as: (1) Positive Spiritual Experience; (2) Negative Spiritual Experience; (3) Forgiveness; (4) Religious Practices; (5) Positive Congregational Support; and (6) Negative Congregational Support. Conclusions The results suggest the BMMRS assesses distinct positive and negative aspects of religiousness and spirituality that may be best conceptualized in a psychoneuroimmunological context as measuring: (a) Spiritual Experiences (i.e., emotional experience of feeling connected with a higher power/the universe); (b) Religious Practices (i.e., prayer, rituals, service attendance); (c) Congregational Support; and (d) Forgiveness (i.e., a specific coping strategy that can be conceptualized as religious or non-religious in context).     

Relationships Among Religiousness,Spirituality, and Health for Individuals with Stroke

The current study evaluated the relationships among spiritual beliefs, religious practices, physical health, and mental health for individuals with stroke. A cross-sectional analysis of 63 individuals evaluated in outpatient settings, including 32 individuals with stroke and 31 healthy controls was conducted through administration of the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality (BMMRS) and the Medical Outcomes Scale-Short Form 36 (SF-36). For individuals with stroke, the SF-36 General Mental Health scale was significantly correlated with only the BMMRS Religious and Spiritual Coping scale (r = .43; p < .05). No other BMMRS factors were significantly correlated with SF-36 mental or physical health scales. Non-significant trends indicated spiritual factors were primarily related to mental versus physical health. This study suggests spiritual belief that a higher power will assist in coping with illness/disability is associated with better mental health following stroke, but neither religious nor spiritual factors are associated with physical health outcomes. The results are consistent with research that suggests that spiritual beliefs may protect individuals with stroke from experiencing emotional distress.     

Religion and Spirituality among American Indian,South Asian,Black, Hispanic/Latina,and White Women in the Study on Stress,Spirituality, and Health

Social scientists have increasingly recognized the lack of diversity in survey research on American religion, resulting in a dearth of data on religion and spirituality (R/S) in understudied racial and ethnic groups. At the same time, epidemiological studies have increasingly diversified their racial and ethnic representation, but have collected few R/S measures to date. With a particular focus on American Indian and South Asian women (in addition to Blacks, Hispanic/Latinas, and white women), this study introduces a new effort among religion and epidemiology researchers, the Study on Stress, Spirituality, and Health. This multicohort study provides some of the first estimates of R/S beliefs and practices among American Indians and U.S. South Asians, and offers new insight into salient beliefs and practices of diverse racial/ethnic and religious communities.     

Influence of Church Attendance and Spirituality in a Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase Mammography Use Among a Low-Income, Tri-Racial, Rural Community

Background The influence of church attendance and spirituality on mammography use was studied among Native American, White, and African American women living in a rural county. Methods A randomized trial was conducted to increase mammography use. Women (n = 851) were randomly assigned to receive either an educational program delivered by a lay health advisor or a physician letter and brochure about cervical cancer screening (control group). Church attendance and spirituality were measured at baseline and mammography use was evaluated 12 months after enrollment using medical record review. Results Almost two-thirds of the women reported that they attended church at least once a week, and less than 4% were classified as having low spirituality. Church attendance (P = 0.299) or spirituality (P = 0.401) did not have a significant impact on mammography use. Conclusions Church attendance and spirituality did not impact mammography use.     

“And Let Us Make Us a Name”: Reflections on the Future of the Religion and Health Field

After years of marginality, research on religion and health is entering the academic mainstream. Scholarship on this topic has evolved into a large, productive field. As in any emerging field, there are competing visions for what the field should be about and what research questions should be pursued. Different opinions exist as to which constructs should be researched. Words like religion, spirituality, faith, and prayer, and health, healing, medicine, and healthcare, imply different things. The study of their various interconnections can thus take myriad forms. This article argues for a welcoming approach open to the widest range of research subjects. An earlier version of this article was presented as a Visiting Scholar Seminar, Duke Center for Spirituality, Theology, and Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, March 6, 2008.     

Distinct Expressions of Vital Spirituality

As the interest in non-institutional spirituality increases, it is unclear which aspects of the multidimensional construct are vital. We thus developed an open 40-item questionnaire to measure distinct expressions of spirituality and tested it in 488 healthy individuals. Reliability and factor analysis resulted in an instrument with seven factors (Cronbach’s α = 0.942): “Prayer, trust in God and shelter”, “Insight, awareness and wisdom”, “Transcendence conviction”, “Compassion, generosity and patience”, “Conscious interactions”, “Gratitude, reverence and respect” and “Equanimity”. This explorative research tool may give relevant information for health cares and chaplains, and provides insights in distinct aspects of vital spirituality.     

Discipleship and Spirituality from a Christian Perspective

Spirituality is an important aspect of being a human. One may approach this topic from a purely psychological or religious perspective. In this paper, it is argued that spirituality as defined from a purely psychological perspective is inadequate to capture the depth of this human experience because it misses the core of spirituality—discipleship. Following Foster’s (1998) Streams of Living Water, it will be argued that discipleship is the core of Christian spirituality, and each of these streams provides an important context for fostering one’s relationship to the transcendent.     

Spirituality moderates the effect of stress on emotional and physical adjustment

This study examined the relationship of spirituality with emotional and physical adjustment to daily stress. One hundred and thirteen college students completed questionnaire measures of spirituality, daily stress, affect, and physical symptoms at two times one month apart. The results showed that spirituality buffered the adverse effect of stress on adjustment, controlling for the use of various coping strategies. The findings have implications for developing prevention programs to improve people's coping skills by incorporating greater emphasis on spirituality.     

Spirituality and psychological pain: the mediating role of social support

Spirituality is a multifaceted construct, and often studied as a one- or two-dimensional variable. Recent work has resulted in the development of the RiTE model of spirituality. While preliminarily supported as a useful approach to measuring spirituality, little is known regarding its associations with other outcomes. Past studies have shown inverse associations between spirituality and psychological distress, which appears to be partially a function of social support derived from spiritual beliefs or practices. As such, the present study tested the relationship between the RiTE dimensions and psychache as mediated by multiple types of social support. Parallel mediation results from an undergraduate sample (N?=?1994) showed that all three RiTE dimensions were indirectly associated with psychache via multiple forms of social support. Ritualistic and existential spirituality also displayed direct associations with psychache. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of past literature, applicable theoretical constructs, and treatment considerations.