论民间信仰的神灵体系

在民间信仰研究中,为了达到对民间诸神的整体认识和宏观把握,有必要为其构建一个体系.本文首先梳理了学界反映神灵等级、来源、礼制地位、流行范围等属性的已有体系,分析了其利弊,然后从社会史角度、以神灵职能为依据构建了一个新的民间神体系.它包括地理环境神、人口保障神、个人命运神、群体监护神和综合神五个大类,每一大类中又有若干小类.这一体系凸显了民间诸神的职司,揭示了其在社会结构、社会生活、社会整合控制中的地位与功能.     

"紫姑"信仰考

厕神“紫姑”是一位非常重要但常被研究者忽视的民间女神。本文考查了“紫姑”信仰的历史渊源、风俗习惯以及历代文人对其的吟咏,以期引起研究者的重视。     

"绝地天通":论中国古代宗教多神性格之源

"绝地天通"是中国上古文明发展史上一件大事,本文以为:理解这一事件的关键乃在于"属神"、"属民"之"属"的意旨,证之古文献与民俗事象,"属"解为"连接"为最佳,此事件是中国古代宗教多神性格的直接来源.     

关帝信仰与老北京的关帝庙

据1928年北平特别市寺庙登记,大概浏览下来,供奉道教伏魔大帝也就是佛教伽蓝的关帝庙竟有267座之多。也就是说,老北京的寺庙中有百分之十六都是供奉关圣帝君的庙宇。可见,关羽在百姓心目中占有其他神癨不可比拟的地位。老北京人的关帝信仰不但虔敬,而且还可以影射到全国乃至所有的炎黄子孙,他们对关帝的信仰是同样深厚的。(见《北京寺庙历史资料》第62页)众所周知,在道教神癨中,有先天之神与后天之神之分别。关帝就属于后天之神。然而,我国古时类似于关羽的忠臣勇将不下百余,为什么单独关羽拥有如此多百姓的崇敬呢?这是由中国古代所特有的社…     

试论道教"三清"信仰的宗教内涵及其历史演变

在不同的历史阶段实际存在有“三清仙境”信仰、“三宝神君”信仰、“三洞真经”信仰与“三清尊神”信仰等几种不同的信仰形态与内容。因其皆与道教的“玉清”、“上清”、“太清”等名号有着密切的关系,故可称为广义的“三清”信仰。这种信仰的具体形态与内容,在历史上既有联系,又有区别,先后相续,几经演变,最后才定型成为“三清尊神”信仰,成为宋明以来道教各派奉祀的最高尊神。本文试就道教“三清”信仰在不同历史阶段的演变过程及其宗教内涵作一学术性的探讨与研究。     

楚简所见“五祀”诸神考论

楚简中有祭祷"五祀"诸神的记录,楚地"五祀"诸神至晚在战国早中期就已形成相对固定的组合系统,楚人的"五祀"信仰某种程度上受到儒家文化的影响。"五祀"之中,楚人更侧重对门、户、行的祭祷;与周礼祀典不同,楚地"五祀"为上下之通祀,其用牲亦没有等级上的差别,楚人更注重"五祀"诸神与祭牲的搭配。     

论儒学对民间神明信仰的影响——以闽台民间神明信仰为例

儒家通过人的神化和神的道德化两个方面的造神运动实现了对民间神格塑造的影响。在鬼神信仰上的宗教伦理理性的价值取向是儒学对民间信仰产生影响的思想渊源,国家机器的神道设教和知识分子推动是这一影响的现实途径。     

试论中国道教对日本七福神信仰的影响

日本的七福神是传说中能为人间带来福德的七位神,是日本具有代表性的民间信仰,七福神的神迹遍布全国,多为七神七社(庙),因此,在每年正月祭祀巡拜七福神成了一种习俗,至今仍广为流行.     

神的浮现与退隐——卜筮对早期中国上帝信仰的影响

占问对象的无限性使卜筮催生出至上神信仰和宗教意识.周革殷命后,在"天"的名义下实际信仰对象从殷人的神圣上帝转变为周人的德性祖考.失去上帝信仰的卜筮不仅沦为周初的政治工具,春秋时期还成为人本驱逐神本的舞台,加速消泯了上帝信仰.从催生到泯灭,卜筮对早期中国上帝信仰发挥了两种截然相反的作用,对早期中国宗教的夭折形成了深刻的影响.     

道教邮票欣赏--土地、财神和灶君

中国澳门前几年发行过一套传说与神话的邮票,其第三套是土地、财神和灶君邮票。农历腊月二十三是祭灶,正月初五是迎财神,二月初二是土地生日。现将这套有趣的邮票供给大家欣赏,也算一个辞旧迎新的贺年吧。土地———土地,古称“社神”,“社者,土地之神。”祭土地的日期是农历二月初二,称为“社日”。至今,我国不少地方农村里,或一些寺庙旁,都有小小的土地庙、土地祠。其实,这“土地墙上有一个平方大小的一块地爱的老头像,有的甚至连小塑像德正神”,或用纸写着“福德正神之位”几个字而已。这套邮票中的“土地神”就是一位穿着朴素衣袍、满脸…     

易道辩正

易道是易学思想的精髓或内在精神,其最根本的特征是所谓的“一阴一阳之道”。作为易学结构基元的易卦卦象符号,与阴阳观念具有先天性的亲和力,从而使得阴阳观念有了一个可以符号化表征的形式系统。在汉代,阴阳五行与易学成为一个统一的有机整体。两汉的象数理论试图将易道(天道)完全形式化努力的最终结果是“入于礻几祥”,成为一套牵强附会的繁琐哲学。魏晋以后,诸如“时”、“中”一类具有明显的个人独知默会、参悟修证意义的命题,逐渐成为一阴一阳、生生不息的“易道”最为生动的表征。道之真谛,若以易理言之,就是“自强不息”,“与时偕行”。     

"全球伦理"与"文明的冲突"

自美国9.11恐怖袭击事件后,塞缪尔.亨廷顿关于“文明冲突”的理论引起人们高度兴趣。以宗教为核心的文明之间的冲突真的难以化解吗?汉斯.昆的“全球伦理”观点对此提出挑战。本文将浅析一下“全球伦理”,及其化解“文明冲突”的可能性。     

方术迷信的"灵验"揭秘

方术作为中华神秘文化的一个重要的组成部分,是一种既不同于宗教又与宗教有联系的企图借助于“鬼神”等神秘力量来消灾免祸、延年益寿、添财加福的可操作性的东西,如八卦术、算命术、风水术、占梦术、测字术、巫术等。 方术尽管是唯心的不可相信的东西,在历代也遭到了一些人的攻击和批判,然而为何屡不绝迹,有时甚至风靡一时、影响很大,即使在今天仍然有其市场呢?其中一个重要的原因在于一些人认为方术“灵验”。 方术“灵验”的原因是什么?到底是哪些因素     

"Psychotherapy" versus "treatment"

Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

"本体论"与"伦理学"--形而上学的两个向度

形而上学有两个密切相关的内在向度,就是本体论向度与伦理学向度.在哲学史上,哲学家们之所以在"追求形而上学"的同时,又总是"反形而上学",并非是人们的形上本性出了问题,而是因为人们总是将形而上学视为单纯的"一维性",总是用一个向度来取代或遮蔽另一个向度.而所谓的"后形而上学思想",也并不是消解了形而上学,而是指形而上学从"本体论向度"转向了"伦理学向度".     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

The development of children's understanding of "because" and "so"

Children's (5 years, 8 months to 8 years, 4 months) comprehension of "because" and "so" was assessed on both enactment and sentence completion tasks. The use of a within-subject design permitted performance on each task to be interpreted in terms of performance on the other. The pattern of results provided evidence against a componential model for the acquisition of causal connectives. This model holds that the two meaning components (cause, order) are acquired separately, with the order component being acquired several years later than the causal component. The results also were in accord with predictions derived from a contextual model of children's developing understanding of terms expressing logical relationships. This model posits that the understanding of relational terms is initially context dependent, such that children can understand relational terms when they express familiar relationships, but experience difficulty in forming representations of novel relationships solely on the basis of linguistic input. The lexical components of because and so are understood during the context-dependent stage, and the transition from context-dependent to context-independent understanding does not reflect further lexical development, but rather increasing facility in dealing with decontextualized linguistic input.     

Comparison of two theories of "ratio" and "difference" judgments

This article examines the hypothesis that judges compare stimuli by ratio and subtractive operations when instructed to judge" "ratios" and "differences." Rule and Curtis hold that magnitude estimations are a power function of subjective values, with an exponent between 1.1 and 2.1. Accordingly, the two-operation model tested assumes magnitude estimations of "ratios" are a comparable power function of subjective ratios. In contrast, Birnbaum and Veit theorize that judges compare two stimuli by subraction for both "ratio" and "difference" instructions and that magnitude estimations of "ratios" are approximately an exponential function of subjective differences. Three tests were used to compare the theory of one operation with the two-operation theory for the data of nine experiments. The results strongly favor the theory that observers use the same operation for both instructions.