DEFEATERS AND HIGHER-LEVEL REQUIREMENTS

Internalists tend to impose on justification higher-level requirements, according to which a belief is justified only if the subject has a higher-level belief (i.e., a belief about the epistemic credentials of a belief). I offer an error theory that explains the appeal of this requirement: analytically, a belief is not justified if we have a defeater for it, but contingently, it is often the case that to avoid having defeaters, our belief must satisfy a higher-level requirement. I respond to the objection that externalists who endorse this error theory will be forced to accept a radical form of scepticism.     

INTER-WORLD PROBABILITY AND THE PROBLEM OF INDUCTION

Abstract:  Laurence BonJour has recently proposed a novel and interesting approach to the problem of induction. He grants that it is contingent, and so not a priori , that our patterns of inductive inference are reliable. Nevertheless, he claims, it is necessary and a priori that those patterns are highly likely to be reliable, and that is enough to ground an a priori justification induction. This paper examines an important defect in BonJour's proposal. Once we make sense of the claim that inductive inference is "necessarily highly likely" to be reliable, we find that it is not knowable a priori after all.     

PROBABILITY AND SKEPTICISM ABOUT REASON IN HUME'S TREATISE

At the crux of Descartes's general metaphysics and epistemology are his accounts of substances, attributes and ideas of substances and attributes. In spite of the centrality of these theories, there is wide disagreement among scholars about how to interpret them. I approach these debates by focusing on Descartes's theory of the infinite substance – God. I argue that God's attributes are neither individual, inseparable properties that inhere in God (contra Kenny, Wilson, Curley, Hoffman) nor deductions from God (contra Lennon), but attributions that can consistently be made to God. On this account, the diversity of God's attributes is due to how meditators refer to the various cognitive routes they take to clear and distinct perceptions of God; what makes a meditator's clear and distinct perception of God more distinct is that it becomes more stable – the meditator can more easily retain and regain the perception. Other virtues of this interpretation include accounts of the following: the puzzling remarks about essences that Descartes makes to Gassendi; what founds conceptual distinctions in reality; and why the Cartesian meditator ‘proves’ the existence of God several times in the Meditations.     

线索-反应相容性效应和线索有效概率的影响

运用前置线索技术,考察了线索－反应的相容性效应,研究了不同线索与反应的关系和线索有效概率对视觉剌激进行命名反应的时间的影响。结果表明：线索－反应的相容性存在,且符合维度重合理论,支持了相容性是信息加工过程的基本特征;线索客观有效概率影响了线索－反应的相容性效应的强度,线索客观有效概率越高,线索－反应的相容性效应越强。     

ENCODING SENSITIVITIES TO PHONOLOGICAL MARKEDNESS AND TRANSITIONAL PROBABILITY: EVIDENCE FROM SPOONERISMS

This study examined laboratory-induced spoonerisms; the type of speech error in which a phoneme unit from one word switches position with a phoneme unit from another word. Three experiments test hypotheses which assume that spoonerism errors are facilitated by the presence of certain inherent differences between the switched phonological units. Experiment I tests for facilitation based upon differences in the phonological markedness of the switched units. Experiment II and Experiment III test for facilitation based upon differences in the second-order transitional probabilities and third order transitional probabilities (respectively) of the switched units. Evidence of transitional probability effects was found, with implications for the phonological encoding processing of both naturally occurring spoonerisms and normal speech.     

心理测验中的趋中回归与超常分数重现概率

研究了心理测验中的趋中回归及其性质,超常分数重现概率与真分数的分布、测验信度、超常分数界值的关系。结果表明,信度越低,趋中回归越大;超常分数界值越高,趋中回归越大。在正态分布下,超常分数重现概率与信度是指数关系;超常分数重现概率与界值是直线关系。初步讨论了如何在心理学研究中避免和减少趋中回归的误导。     

EFFECT OF REINFORCEMENT PROBABILITY AND PRIZE SIZE ON COCAINE AND HEROIN ABSTINENCE IN PRIZE‐BASED CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT

Although treatment outcome in prize‐based contingency management has been shown to depend on reinforcement schedule, the optimal schedule is still unknown. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial (Ghitza et al., 2007) to determine the effects of the probability of winning a prize (low vs. high) and the size of the prize won (small, large, or jumbo) on likelihood of abstinence until the next urine‐collection day for heroin and cocaine users (N = 116) in methadone maintenance. Higher probability of winning, but not the size of individual prizes, was associated with a greater percentage of cocaine‐negative, but not opiate‐negative, urines.     

决策论中的协方差方法与信号检测论

本文有两个目的。第一,介绍决策论中的平均概率分数的协方差分解方法——一种评估判断能力的新方法。第二,探索协方差方法与信号检测论的关系。按照信号检测论评价法程序进行的两个实验证明:1.协方差分解方法能够把人的判断能力及其主观态度区分开。2.协方差分解方法在处理感觉事件上(重量感觉)与信号检测论同等有效。