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1.
In this introduction we discuss the motivation behind the workshop “Towards a New Epistemology of Mathematics” of which this
special issue constitutes the proceedings. We elaborate on historical and empirical aspects of the desired new epistemology,
connect it to the public image of mathematics, and give a summary and an introduction to the contributions to this issue.
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2.
The topic is experimental philosophy as a naturalistic movement, and its bearing on the value of intuitions in philosophy.
This paper explores first how the movement might bear on philosophy more generally, and how it might amount to something novel
and promising. Then it turns to one accomplishment repeatedly claimed for it already: namely, the discrediting of armchair
intuitions as used in philosophy.
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3.
Phenomenology of the body and the third generation of cognitive science, both of which attribute a central role in human cognition
to the body rather than to the Cartesian notion of representation, face the criticism that higher-level cognition cannot be
fully grasped by those studies. The problem here is how explicit representations, consciousness, and thoughts issue from perception
and the body, and how they cooperate in human cognition. In order to address this problem, we propose a research program,
a cognitive phenomenology of the body, which is basically motivated by the perspective of Merleau-Ponty. We find a substantial clue in developmental psychological
studies on the body and language.
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4.
Relatively little is known about the factor structure of disruptive behavior among preadolescent girls. The present study
reports on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of disruptive girl behavior over four successive data waves as rated
by parents and teachers in a large, representative community sample of girls ( N = 2,451). Five factors were identified from parent ratings (oppositional behavior/conduct problems, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity,
relational aggression, and callous-unemotional behaviors), and four factors were identified derived from teacher ratings (oppositional
behavior/conduct problems/callous-unemotional behaviors, inattention, hyperactivityimpulsivity, and relational aggression).
There was a high degree of consistency of items loading on equivalent factors across parent and teacher ratings. Year-to-year
stability of factors between ages five and 12 was high for parent ratings (ICC = 0.70 to 0.88), and slightly lower for teacher
ratings (ICC = 0.56 to 0.83). These findings are discussed in terms of possible adjustment to the criteria for children's
disruptive behavior disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders.
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5.
Growing powers to manipulate human bodies and minds, not merely to heal disease but to satisfy desires, control deviant behavior,
and to change human nature, make urgent questions of whether and how to regulate their use, not merely to assure safety and
efficacy but also to safeguard our humanity. Oversight in democratic societies rightly belongs to the polity, not merely to
self-appointed experts, scientific or ethical. Yet the task of governing the uses of dangerous knowledge is daunting, and
there is little evidence that we have the will or the wisdom to do it well.
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6.
Medical work is increasingly being subjected to objective assessment as those who pay for it seek to grasp the quality of
that work and how best to improve it. While objective measures have a role in the assessment of health care, I argue that
this role is currently overestimated and that no human practice such as medicine can be fully comprehended by objective assessment.
I suggest that the character of practices, in which formalizations are combined with judgment, requires that valid assessment
involve the perspective of the skilled practitioner. Relying exclusively on objective measures in assessing health care will
not only distort our assessments of it but lead to damage as the incentives of health care workers are directed away from
the important aspects of their work that are not captured by objective measures.
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7.
In this paper I discuss a number of problems associated with the suggestion that it is possible for God to randomly select
a possible world for actualization.
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8.
Recent debates about the Grameen Bank’s microlending practices depict participating female borrowers as having fundamentally
empowering or disempowering experiences. I argue that this discursive framework may be too reductive: it can conceal how technique
and technology simultaneously facilitate relations of dependence and independence; and it can diminish our capacity to understand
and assess innovative development initiatives.
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9.
In this paper, I develop an ontological position according to which substances such as you and I have no substantial parts.
The claim is not that we are immaterial souls. Nor is the claim that we are “human atoms” co-located with human organisms.
It is, rather, that we are macrophysical objects that are, in the relevant sense, simple. I contend that despite initial appearances,
this claim is not obviously false, and I defend it by showing how much work it can do.
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10.
The ancient question of what a good life consists in is currently the focus of intense debate. There are two aspects to this
debate: the first concerns how the concept of a good life is to be understood; the second concerns what kinds of life fall
within the extension of this concept. In this paper, I will attend only to the first, conceptual aspect and not to the second,
substantive aspect. More precisely, I will address the preliminary, underlying question of how to understand what it is in
general for something to be good for someone, from which an understanding of the more particular concept of a good life may
be derived.
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11.
There is overwhelming agreement amongst naturalists that a naturalistic ontology should not allow for the possibility of supernatural
entities. I argue, against this prevailing consensus, that naturalists have no proper basis to oppose the existence of supernatural
entities. Naturalism is characterized, following Leiter and Rea, as a position which involves a primary commitment to scientific
methodology and it is argued that any naturalistic ontological commitments must be compatible with this primary commitment.
It is further argued that properly applied scientific method has warranted the acceptance of the existence of supernatural
entities in the past and that it is plausible to think that it will do so again in the future. So naturalists should allow
for the possibility of supernatural entities.
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12.
Previous studies have shown that a change in an existing object is not as effective in capturing attention as the appearance
of a new object. This view was recently challenged by Lu and Zhou (Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 12:567–572, 2005), who
found strong capture effects for an object changing its color. We suspected that this finding critically depends on a procedural
particularity in Lu and Zhou’s study, namely that the color of the unique item and the color of the no-unique items randomly
switched between trials. In the current study we replicate Lu and Zhou’s capture effect (Experiment 1) and show that no capture
occurs when the color-to-stimuli assignment is fixed (Experiment 2). Two further experiments suggest that the capture effect
in Experiment 1 is not because the unique item switched color (Experiment 3), but because all the no-unique items switched
color (Experiment 4). The results are discussed considering top-down modulation and inter-trial priming effects.
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13.
In this paper we discuss visualizations in mathematics from a historical and didactical perspective. We consider historical
debates from the 17th and 19th centuries regarding the role of intuition and visualizations in mathematics. We also consider
the problem of what a visualization in mathematical learning can achieve. In an empirical study we investigate what mathematical
conclusions university students made on the basis of a visualization. We emphasize that a visualization in mathematics should
always be considered in its proper context.
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14.
The aim of this presentation is, first, to examine the role of aesthetics in creating the experiential effects of the attractions
of Autostadt at Wolfsburg in Lower Saxony in Germany. Secondly, Autostadt will be seen in a perspective of urban and regional
development which will include a reference to how Volkswagen AG has contributed to the development of the city of Dresden
in Saxony by launching a production of luxury limousines at the centre of the city. In conclusion, the experiential design
applied in both cases will be evaluated and put in perspective of urban environmental development.
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15.
Here is a simple counterexample to David Lewis’s causal influence account of causation, one that is especially illuminating
due to its connection to what Lewis himself writes: it is a variant of his trumping example
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16.
Sydney Shoemaker has proposed a new definition of `realization’ and used it to try to explain how mental events can be causes
within the framework of a non-reductive physicalism. I argue that it is not actually his notion of realization that is doing
the work in his account of mental causation, but rather the assumption that certain physical properties entail mental properties
that do not entail them. I also point out how his account relies on certain other controversial assumptions, including analytical
filler-functionalism for mental properties, and the assumption that causes must be proportional to their effects. I conclude
by pointing out that Shoemaker has provided no explanation of why, on his view, certain physical properties entail mental
properties.
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17.
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
18.
This is a critical discussion of a paper on the problem of bootstrapping by Jose Zalabardo.
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19.
Structural equations have become increasingly popular in recent years as tools for understanding causation. But standard structural
equations approaches to causation face deep problems. The most philosophically interesting of these consists in their failure
to incorporate a distinction between default states of an object or system, and deviations therefrom. Exploring this problem,
and how to fix it, helps to illuminate the central role this distinction plays in our causal thinking.
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20.
A personal view is presented of how metaphysics and ontology stand at the beginning of the twenty-first century, in the light
of developments during the twentieth. It is argued that realist metaphysics, with serious ontology at its heart, has a promising
future, provided that its adherents devote some time and effort to countering the influences of both its critics and its false
friends.
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