论法家思想中的变法与定法

战国法家有变法和定法主张,它们是辩证的统一。这种辩证统一表现在以下两对概念的关系中:一是法的更改和确立;二是法的动和静。更改和确立是同一变法活动的两个环节,缺一不可;动和静则具有更为内在的意义,它们是更改和确立的根据,更改和确立则是它们的结果或目的。变法和定法是上述两对概念辩证统一关系的现实形态,与现代法律哲学所谓的法具有灵活性和稳定性的性质和表现是一致的,可以得到历史的印证。战国时期各国开展了确立成文法的变法运动,法的灵活性和稳定性的冲突也随之加剧,而这正是法家提出变法和定法主张的历史根源。     

Principles of Systematic Theology

The Holy Trinity is the ontological principle of Christian systematic theology. Its external or objective cognitive principle is the divine Word, by which, through the prophets and apostles and with the illumination of the Spirit, God's incommunicable self-knowledge is accommodated to the saints. The internal or subjective cognitive principle is the redeemed intelligence of the saints. Systematic theology is thus ectypal knowledge (derived from God's disclosure of his archetypal self-knowledge), and a subaltern or subordinate science. Its matter is twofold: God, and all things in God. Accordingly, it is best arranged as a treatment of God in himself, followed by a treatment of the outer works of God, with a theology of the divine missions as the hinge between the two. This arrangement offers a synthetic and conceptual transposition of the primary language of Scripture.     

Principles of Object Perception

Research on human infants has begun to shed light on early-developing processes for segmenting perceptual arrays into objects. Infants appear to perceive objects by analyzing three-dimensional surface arrangements and motions. Their perception does not accord with a general tendency to maximize figural goodness or to attend to nonaccidental geometric relations in visual arrays. Object perception does accord with principles governing the motions of material bodies: Infants divide perceptual arrays into units that move as connected wholes, that move separately from one another, that tend to maintain their size and shape over motion, and that tend to act upon each other only on contact. These findings suggest that o general representation of object unity and boundaries is interposed between representations of surfaces and representations of objects of familiar kinds. The processes that construct this representation may be related to processes of physical reasoning.     

Chisholm's Epistemic Principles

Abstract: An exposition and discussion of Chisholm's “epistemic principles.” These are compared with relevant views of Wilfrid Sellars and Richard Foley. A further comparison, with the approach favored by Descartes, is argued to throw light on the status of such principles.