社会支持与母亲抚养困难的关系的研究

本研究以572名1─6岁儿童的母亲为研究对象,研究了社会支持与母亲抚养困难的关系及在低社会支持情境下影响母亲抚养困难的调节因素,结果发现:(1)社会支持与母亲抚养困难有显着的负相关,并主要与父母侧面因素显着相关;(2)祖父母、外祖父母和朋友的支持有助于减轻母亲因抚养儿童所产生的角色限制和身体健康方面的压力,而配偶的支持则影响母亲抚养行为中的情绪、自信心、积极性和与儿童的亲子关系,亲戚和邻居的支持与母亲抚养困难没有显着的联系;(3)在低社会支持情况下,母亲的婚姻关系、儿童的性别对母亲抚养困难有一定的调节作用。     

母亲行为与小学儿童自尊的关系

选取3、4、5年级学生和他们的母亲各694人,采用小学儿童母亲行为问卷、自尊问卷(SEI)与小学儿童母亲背景问卷进行施测,对小学儿童自尊与其母亲行为之间的关系进行了探讨。结果表明:(1)在小学3-5年级儿童中,自尊得分与母亲的各种支持行为之间的相关均不显著;除母亲陪伴性和情感性的不支持行为外,工具性、信息性和极端性的不支持行为与自尊得分之间呈现出显著或极其显著的负相关;不支持行为变量组对儿童的自尊水平具有极其显著的预测作用,而支持行为变量并未引起回归方程的显著变化。(2)宽松型、支配干涉型、温暖型与严厉型母亲行为教养下的儿童自尊得分具有显著的差异,其中宽松型母亲教养下的儿童自尊明显高于严厉型。(3)母亲的行为类型与儿童的年龄、性别、独生与否及母亲的年龄、职业与受教育水平、城乡因素在儿童自尊上均不存在显著的交互作用。     

母亲抚养压力与母亲行为关系的研究

本研究以714名3—5岁儿童的母亲为研究对象，探讨了母亲抚养压力与母亲行为之间的关系。结果如下：(1)相关分析和回归分析表明，总体而言，母亲抚养压力越大，母亲对儿童的支持行为越少，不支持行为越多。(2)在母亲抚养压力较大的情况下，母亲所处的社会化背景、家庭收入、受教育水平、职业不同，对儿童的不支持行为存在显差异。     

职业母亲的工作倦怠与自尊、社会支持的关系

本研究从护士、教师、商业服务人员三个女性集中的领域抽取380名职业女性进行调查研究,考察职业母亲的工作倦怠状况及其与自尊、社会支持的关系.结果:(1)职业母亲的工作倦怠水平显著高于无子女的职业女性.(2)自尊与工作倦怠的三个维度均呈显著负相关,不同来源的社会支持与工作倦怠的一个或多个维度显著负相关.(3)自尊是社会支持影响职业母亲工作倦怠的中介变量.     

社会支持与主观幸福感:元分析

目的探讨中国人的社会支持及其各个维度与主观幸福感之间的关系。方法采用手动检索、电脑检索和追溯检索得到18篇文献,采用元分析对文献再分析。结果(1)研究存在发表偏倚的可能性较小(P=0.405);(2)中国居民社会支持与主观幸福感存在高相关(r=0.413,P0.001);(3)领悟社会支持量表与社会支持量表在心理测量中存在差异性(P=0.001),社会支持评定量表中主观支持维度与领悟社会支持量表相似,都是对社会支持的主观体验,而社会支持评定量表中的客观支持与支持利用维度则是现实中的支持,领悟社会支持量表中各维度与主观幸福感相关没有显著性差异(P=0.613);(4)相比现实的社会支持,个体对于社会支持的主观感受更能增强其主观幸福感。结论中国人社会支持与主观幸福感存在高程度相关,其中相比现实中的实际社会支持,个体对于社会支持的主观感受更能提高个体的主观幸福感。     

母亲素质与儿童社会化发展

本文论述了母亲素质对儿童社会化诸多方面的影响,如个性、行为、心理健康和学业成绩等,并在此基础上,提出创建“母亲素质工程”,提高母亲素质将是一项刻不容缓的“社会工程”,应得到社会各界的支持,从而更好地促进儿童社会化的发展。     

初中留守儿童社会支持与问题行为的关系

采用社会支持评定量表(SSRS)和问题行为问卷对112名初中留守儿童和132名对照组儿童进行测查,探讨初中留守儿童社会支持与问题行为的基本状况以及两者之间的关系。结果发现:(1)初中留守儿童的支持利用度低于对照组儿童,其违法和违纪行为则高于对照组儿童。(2)在社会支持的三个维度中,主观支持对于初中留守儿童的违法、欺骗和违纪行为均具有显著的负向预测作用,支持利用度则对危害健康的行为具有显著的负向预测作用。(3)与较低社会支持水平下的初中留守儿童相比,较高社会支持水平下的留守儿童的四种问题行为相对较少;无论社会支持水平高低,初中留守男生均比留守女生存在更多的危害健康的行为。     

社会支持的利用度与流动儿童心理韧性的关系:自尊的中介作用

采用社会支持量表、自尊量表和青少年心理韧性量表,对石河子市450名流动儿童进行调查,来探讨流动儿童社会支持与心理韧性的关系,并检验自尊的中介作用,其中社会支持由社会支持的利用度表征。结果表明:(1)社会支持的利用度与流动儿童的心理韧性呈正相关。(2)自尊在社会支持的利用度与心理韧性中起到部分中介作用。社会支持的利用度通过自尊对流动儿童的心理韧性产生更积极的效果。     

社会支持对流动儿童社会退缩的影响:心理弹性的中介作用

目的:探讨心理弹性在社会支持与流动儿童社会退缩之间的中介作用。方法:采用社会支持评定量表、青少年心理弹性量表和班级戏剧量表对258名流动儿童进行调查。结果表明:(1)活跃退缩与社会支持、心理弹性呈显著负相关; 安静退缩与社会支持相关不显著,与心理弹性呈显著负相关; 社会支持与心理弹性呈显著正相关;(2)社会支持、心理弹性显著负向预测流动儿童的活跃退缩;(3)心理弹性在社会支持与流动儿童活跃退缩之间具有完全中介作用。     

留守青少年的社会支持网络与其抑郁、孤独之间的关系——基于变量中心和个体中心的视角

以来自河南省农村的400名双亲外出、单亲外出和非留守青少年为被试,考察了他们的社会支持网络状况,及其与青少年抑郁、孤独的关系.变量中心和个体中心的分析均表明,青少年所知觉的来自父亲、母亲、同学和老师的支持具有一致性,同一环境中各类社会支持的一致性更高.变量中心的分析发现,总体上,老师支持和父亲支持能够显著地预测青少年的抑郁水平,母亲支持和同学支持能够显著地预测青少年的孤独.但是,不同社会支持源的预测作用因青少年留守状况的不同而不同.个体中心的分析发现,处于高母亲/高父亲/高同学/高老师支持网络下青少年的抑郁和孤独水平低于其他支持网络中的青少年.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Social and Personal Determinants of Adolescent Use and Abuse of Alcohol and Marijuana

This article summarizes research on social and personal determinants of adolescent use and abuse of alcohol and marijuana to aid practitioners when designing interventions.     

Cognitive and Personality Characteristics of Masculinity and Femininity Predict Wayfinding Competence and Strategies of Men and Women

Bem (1974) reconceptualized masculinity and femininity as independent and orthogonal constructs that both men and women possess to varying degrees. This perspective was used as a starting point to investigate whether the contributions of gender-typed characteristics can help to account for commonly observed gender differences in wayfinding (the ability to identify one’s current location and successfully navigate to an unseen location in the environment) favoring men. We further divided gender-typed characteristics into cognitive and personality characteristics to assess their separate influence on wayfinding and explored whether gender-typed characteristics predicted self-reported use of masculine wayfinding strategies (i.e., orientation strategies) and self-reported wayfinding competence. Participants were 452 college women and men in a southern U.S. public university. They completed the Gender-Stereotypic Characteristics questionnaire (Diekman and Eagly 2000), a social comparison questionnaire (created by the authors), a wayfinding strategy questionnaire (Lawton 1994), and a wayfinding competence questionnaire (Hegarty et al. 2002). For both men and women, higher masculine cognitive characteristics significantly correlated with greater use of orientation wayfinding strategies typical of men. For men, both higher masculine and feminine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence whereas for women, only higher masculine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence. For both men and women, higher feminine personality characteristics predicted poorer wayfinding competence. These results demonstrated the importance of considering cognitive and personality characteristics of masculinity and femininity in explaining individual differences in wayfinding.     

Self-ratings of positive and negative affect and retrieval of positive and negative affect memories

Abstract

Based on analysis of self-ratings of mood, positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) have been proposed as basic, orthogonal mood dimensions (Watson & Tellegen, 1985). The present study asked subjects (N = 61) to not only provide self-ratings of PA and NA terms but also to retrieve personal memories associated with those terms. Self-rated PA was associated with latency to retrieve PA- but not NA-related memories; self-rated NA was associated with latency to retrieve NA- but not PA-related memories. Self-ratings of PA and NA were not significantly correlated, nor were retrieval latencies for PA and NA memories. Individual item correlations also revealed a strong direct relationship between self-ratings and retrieval latency. The dissociations involving a non-self report measure strengthen the distinction between PA and NA, and the individual item correlations are interpreted as showing that self-ratings of affect are based upon the ease of retrieval of personal memories.